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- Jazz
- Blues
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ROCK AROUND THE CLOCK
BILL HALEY
Ref.: FA5465
Artistic Direction : BRUNO BLUM
Label : Frémeaux & Associés
Total duration of the pack : 3 hours 3 minutes
Nbre. CD : 3
ROCK AROUND THE CLOCK
Bill Haley was a pioneer and the first white musician — no doubt one of the best — to achieve success with a rock ‘n’ roll song: he’d already sold a million records a year before Elvis had his first hit. Bill Haley’s career as a country singer who went on to create rockabilly and moved into rock is detailed here by Bruno Blum. Often little-known, but always scattered here and there, the best recordings of Bill Haley, mostly known for his “Rock Around the Clock”, are all available here in this fundamental anthology. Patrick FRÉMEAUX
TEXAS 1928-1944
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PisteTitleMain artistAutorDurationRegistered in
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1Candy And WomenBill Haley & The Four Aces of Western SwingBill Haley00:02:531948
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2Behind The Eight BallBill Haley & The Four Aces of Western SwingJenny Carson00:02:521948
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3Yodel Your Blues AwayBill Haley & The Four Aces of Western SwingBill Haley00:02:581949
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4Ten Gallon StetsonBill Haley & The SaddlemenJ. Myers00:02:291950
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5Why Do I Cry Over YouBill Haley & The SaddlemenJimmy DeKnight00:02:281950
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6Teardrops From My EyesBill Haley & The SaddlemenR. Toombs00:02:461950
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7My Sweet Little Girl From NevadaBill Haley & The SaddlemenBill Haley00:02:341950
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8Rose Of My HeartBill Haley & The SaddlemenBill Haley00:02:521950
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9Rocket 88Bill Haley & The SaddlemenJackie Brenston00:02:311950
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10Jukebox CannonballBill Haley & The SaddlemenRogers00:02:221950
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11Sundown BoogieBill Haley & The SaddlemenBill Haley00:02:321951
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12Dance With A DollyBill Haley & The SaddlemenJ. Eaton00:02:321951
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13Rockin' Chair On The MoonBill Haley & The SaddlemenBroomall00:02:531952
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14Stop Beatin ‘Round The Mulberry BushBill Haley & The SaddlemenReichner00:02:261952
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15Real Rock DriveBill Haley & The SaddlemenBill Haley00:02:211952
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16Rock The JointBill Haley & The SaddlemenHarry Crafton00:02:161952
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17Crazy Man CrazyBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:411952
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18Watcha Gonna DoBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:301952
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19Pat-A-CakeBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:231952
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20FracturedBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:111953
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21Live It UpBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:531953
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22Farewell So Long GoodbyeBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:201953
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23I'll Be TrueBill Haley & His CometsWilliam McLemore00:02:081953
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24Ten Little IndiansBill Haley & His CometsSeptimus Winner00:01:571953
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25Yes IndeedBill Haley & His CometsS. Oliver00:02:201953
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PisteTitleMain artistAutorDurationRegistered in
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1Rock Around The ClockBill Haley & His CometsMax Freedman00:02:131954
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2Thirteen WomenBill Haley & His CometsMax Freedman00:02:541954
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3Shake Rattle And RollBill Haley & His CometsJesse Stone00:02:331954
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4Abc BoogieBill Haley & His CometsA. Russell00:02:311954
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5Happy BabyBill Haley & His CometsFranck Pintagore00:02:411954
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6Dim Dim The LightsBill Haley & His CometsCross00:02:371954
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7Birth Of The BoogieBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:201954
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8Mambo RockBill Haley & His CometsBickley Reichmer00:02:441955
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9Two Hound DogsBill Haley & His CometsPINTAGORE FRANCK00:03:021955
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10Razzle-DazzleBill Haley & His CometsJesse Stone00:02:461955
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11R-O-C-KBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:221955
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12Rock-A-Beatin' BoogieBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:261955
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13The Saints Rock‘n'RollBill Haley & His CometsTraditionnel00:02:441955
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14Burn That CandleBill Haley & His CometsW. Scott00:02:521955
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15See You Later AlligatorBill Haley & His CometsRobert Guidry00:02:481955
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16Goofin' AroundBill Haley & His CometsFrancis Beecher00:02:411955
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17Hook Line And SinkerBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:361956
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18Calling All CometsBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:321956
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19Choo Choo Ch'BoogieBill Haley & His CometsMilt Gabler00:02:331956
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20A Rockin' Little TuneBill Haley & His CometsWilliamson00:02:421956
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21Hot Dog Buddy BuddyBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:371956
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22Rockin' Through The RyeBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:101956
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23Teenager's MotherBill Haley & His CometsLewis00:02:201956
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24Forty Cups Of CoffeeBill Haley & His CometsDanny Overbea00:02:361956
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PisteTitleMain artistAutorDurationRegistered in
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1Rip It UpBill Haley & His CometsMarascalco00:02:291956
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2Don't Knock The RockBill Haley & His CometsKent00:02:211956
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3(You Hit The Wrong Note) Billy GoatBill Haley & His CometsJohn Leslie McFarland00:02:451957
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4You Can't Stop Me From Dreamin'Bill Haley & His CometsCliff Friend00:02:221957
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5Is It True What They Say About DixieBill Haley & His CometsGerald Marks00:02:221957
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6The Dipsy DoodleBill Haley & His CometsL. Clinton00:02:261957
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7Somebody Else Is Taking My PlaceBill Haley & His CometsEllsworth00:02:171957
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8Piccadilly RockBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:191957
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9Skinny MinnieBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:03:001958
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10MarieBill Haley & His CometsI. Berlin00:02:211958
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11The CatwalkBill Haley & His CometsWilliamson00:02:291959
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12I Ve Got A WomanBill Haley & His CometsRay Charles00:02:341959
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13Where‘d You Go Last NightBill Haley & His CometsM. Gabler00:02:461959
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14ShakyBill Haley & His CometsWilliamson00:02:051959
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15Love Letters in The SandBill Haley & His CometsJ.F. Coots00:02:101959
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16Kansas CityBill Haley & His CometsJ. Leiber00:02:241959
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17Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' OnBill Haley & His CometsD. Williams00:02:511960
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18Crazy Man CrazyBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:091960
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19I Don't Hurt AnymoreBill Haley & His CometsD. Robertson00:02:181960
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20AfraidBill Haley & His CometsOttis Dewey Whitman Jr00:02:131960
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21HawkBill Haley & His CometsJones00:02:261960
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22Chick SafariBill Haley & His CometsBill Haley00:02:271960
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23Let The Good Times Roll CreoleBill Haley & His CometsJohn Leslie McFarland00:02:231960
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24Spanish TwistBill Haley & His CometsP. Bradford00:02:211960
THE INDISPENSABLE
BILL
HALEY
1948-1961
Candy and Women
Teardrops
from my Eyes
Rocket 88
Rockin’ Chair
on the Moon
Rock the Joint
Crazy Man Crazy
Rock Around the Clock
Shake Rattle and Roll
See You Later, Alligator
Don’t Knock the Rock
The Indispensable Bill Haley 1948-1961
Par Bruno Blum
Avec le chanteur blanc de blues Doc Pomus, qui enregistra le rock « Give It Up » dans un style « jump » spécifiquement noir dès 1951, le musicien blanc de country Bill Haley fut le premier à enregistrer une composition de rock noir, Rocket 88, toujours en 1951. Il fut aussi le premier chanteur de rock blanc significatif puisque le premier à aligner des succès du genre à partir de Rock this Joint en 1952. C’est à l’occasion d’une tournée que ce chanteur de country & western avait rencontré entre autres Big Joe Turner et découvert le rock ‘n’ roll à la Nouvelle Orléans. Bill Haley était aussi animateur d’une station de radio qui fut parmi les premières à diffuser des musiques afro-américaines. Suivant l’exemple des musiciens blancs de hillbilly boogie/country boogie1 qui avant lui avaient intégré le boogie woogie (à la mode à partir de 1938) et le swing noir dans la country, il a été l’un des premiers à mélanger sciemment country & western et rock — et ce deux ans avant Elvis Presley. Avec ses Saddlemen rebaptisés Comets en 1953 il a ainsi été le premier à enregistrer dans un style nouveau, le rockabilly, avec contrebasse « slap » (claquée), des guitares country et une rythmique entraînante sur des compositions très influencées par le rock noir de Jackie Brenston avec Ike Turner (Rocket 88), Jimmy Preston (Rock the Joint), Hal Singer (Rock Around the Clock), Wally Mercer (une troisième composition nommée Rock Around the Clock), Big Joe Turner (Shake, Rattle and Roll)2. Sans oublier le Teardrops from my Eyes de Ruth Brown et le jazz « swing » dansant de Count Basie ou Gene Krupa.
Dès 1953 cet admirateur de Gene Autry, Roy Rodgers, de leurs chansons de cowboys et devenu comme eux un bon chanteur de yodel, était déterminé à réussir en imposant son style rock hybride et original, qui pouvait lui permettre d’aller plus loin qu’une carrière country ordinaire, de second plan. Prenant des risques, Haley s’est patiemment construit un public très jeune, plus ouvert à ses innovations, afin d’échapper au circuit ringard des bals country auquel il semblait voué — et avec lequel il gagnait très mal sa vie. À l’été 1954 Bill Haley avait déjà vendu un million de disques de rock quand Elvis Presley n’en était qu’à ses débuts au studio Sun. Son célèbre Rock Around the Clock a été un énorme succès un an avant qu’Elvis et le rock ne deviennent un phénomène social en 1956. Authentique visionnaire, Haley s’est fait à la force du poignet et a mérité son succès, qui a été long à venir. Mal compris, mal entouré, mal présenté, parfois mal aimé, ce grand précurseur et créateur a pourtant enregistré quantité de disques de qualité éparpillés chez une dizaine de marques. Grâce au concours de collectionneurs passionnés,
ce coffret a finalement pu réunir soixante-quinze de ses meilleurs enregistrements, méticuleusement restaurés à partir des disques originaux en vinyle mono garantissant un son proche de celui de l’époque.
Country & Western
C’est au deuxième étage d’un appartement de Florence Street que William John Clifton Haley (6 juillet 1925-9 février 1981) dit Bill, est né à Highland Park, un quartier du centre-nord de Detroit, la grande ville industrielle de l’état du Michigan. Émigrés de Firebrick dans le Kentucky, Maude la femme au foyer et son mari William Haley formaient une famille modeste. D’origine anglaise (Ulverston, Lancashire), Maude avait un père boulanger. Quant à William, il avait perdu son père dans son adolescence et dût subvenir presque seul aux besoins de ses frères et sœurs. Marié tardivement après avoir élevé ses cadets, il servait de l’essence dans une station service quand Bill est né. Les parents de Bill étaient de fervents chrétiens. Sa mère jouait de l’orgue à l’église et donnait des cours de piano pour augmenter leurs faibles revenus. Avec deux enfants, les Haley n’avaient pas la possibilité de sortir dans les cabarets jazz et blues. Ils se divertissaient en jouant eux-mêmes de la musique. Margaret, âgée de deux ans de plus que son frère Bill, était une chanteuse très douée. Maude l’accompagnait au piano tandis que son mari jouait du banjo et de la mandoline avec talent. Pas plus bavard que son fils, William travaillait dur. Peu instruit, il ne se faisait pas d’illusions sur la vie, qui ne lui avait jamais fait de cadeaux. Excellent mécanicien, la musique était son exutoire et il jouait le répertoire hillbilly avec passion. Le jeune Bill Haley a pu apprécier les chansons jouées par son père, qui était admiré de ses amis pour son talent.
Au chômage dans les années 1930, les Haley déménagèrent à Chester, banlieue ouest de Philadelphie (Pennsylvanie). À quatre ans, l’enfant perdit l’usage de l’œil gauche à la suite d’une opération à l’oreille où un nerf optique fut sectionné par erreur. Myope de l’œil droit, il ne pouvait pas jouer au baseball avec ses copains. Victime de moquerie et d’injustice, Bill devint un bagarreur solitaire, complexé, introverti et mélancolique. Il était puni quand il se battait et cachait son infirmité. Il se passionna très jeune pour les rois du yodel Roy Rodgers, Gene Autry « The Singing Cowboy » et Tex Ritter, trois « cow-boys chantants » vus au cinéma. On peut écouter ici Bill Haley réaliser son rêve d’enfance : il chante avec brio le yodel yankee (plus directement influencé par les Tyroliens d’Autriche et les ballades écossaises/irlandaises qu’au sud où le « blue yodel » était marqué par les musiques afro-américaines), plus mélodique et moins chargé en paroles, sur l’un de ses premiers enregistrements Yodel Your Blues Away.
À neuf ans Bill annonça qu’il serait musicien et construit une guitare en carton. Il reçut une vraie guitare à noël à l’âge de treize ans. Sa mère lui enseigna les bases musicales. On peut écouter Bill chanter dans un style hillbilly marqué par Gene Autry sur Candy and Women (1948) ou Ten Gallon Stetson (1950). À la maison sa famille interprétait des cantiques dans le style anglo-saxon, des chansons folkloriques anglaises et du hillbilly très enjoué du Kentucky, d’où venait le père. Bill Haley était grand et fort et plaisait aux filles. À douze ans il chanta « Chime Bells Are Ringing » (avec un passage yodel) en public pour la première fois. Bon élève, à quatorze il quitta l’école et partit travailler à l’usine. À seize ans, il devint chauffeur routier livreur de bouteilles. Il était connu pour conduire trop vite malgré sa mauvaise vue. Bagarreur, dragueur, il fumait, buvait et chantait du Gene Autry. Fin 1941 les Haley ont déménagé à Boothwyn, pas loin de Chester (Pennsylvanie). Bill arriva second à un concours de chant dans une église méthodiste. Vexé, il refusera de chanter en public pendant deux ans. Réformé à cause de sa mauvaise vue, il ne put s’engager dans l’armée en 1942. Il dut retourner à l’usine où des travaux manuels de force (construction de tanks) l’attendaient. À dix-sept ans il eut un sérieux accident dans une course de hot rods. Il travailla ensuite dans une usine de montage de locomotives.
Texas Range Riders & Cousin Lee
C’est en 1943 au marché local de Boothwyn où il nettoyait le sol et faisait des petits boulots que Bill a commencé sa carrière. Debout sur une table, il s’est mis à chanter du hillbilly avec un chapeau de cowboy. Vite engagé, il a continué toutes les semaines, portant des costumes voyants et recrutant des musiciens, les Texas Range Riders. Arlee « Cousin Lee » Elsworth, leader du Cousin Lee Band et borgne comme lui, lui a bientôt proposé une première partie de Gene Autry devant neuf mille personnes. Autry félicita le jeune homme de dix-sept ans et Cousin Lee engagea Bill dans son groupe. Bill Haley participait, entre autres, avec des yodels et attirait un jeune public. Souvent invités à la radio WSNJ, ils jouaient dans toute la région (mariages, bals, etc.) et Bill devint profes-sionnel.
Down Homers
Au bout de deux ans, Bill Haley répondit à une annonce des Down Homers, un des groupes de cowboys les plus célèbres de leur temps. Une fois engagé, il s’est fiancé avec une de ses admiratrices, Dorothy « Dottie » Crowe — une indienne au teint sombre. En 1945 il quitta les Down Homers peu après son anniversaire de vingt ans et forma son propre groupe, les Range Drifters/Texas Range Riders. Rejoint par trois membres des Down Homers il tourna dans tout l’est du pays, bientôt en première partie de Roy Rodgers devant 10.000 personnes. C’est sur la route que Bill Haley a été amené à écouter des musiques afro-américaines. Il découvrit Lena Horne et l’admira aussitôt. Après un épisode à St. Louis, il découvrit au Texas le style western swing de Bob Wills, qui allait avoir sur lui une influence essentielle3. Le western swing texan était une musique country accélérée, très dansante, influencée par le swing des groupes de jazz. Les artistes country ne voulaient pas entendre parler de musique noire. Son groupe se sépara à la Nouvelle-Orléans, où il rejoint un spectacle itinérant organisé par Doc Protheroe, un vendeur d’élixir. Une dose trop forte de l’élixir de son patron le rendit malade et il ne put jouer après avoir traversé tout le pays en caravane. Abandonné au fin fond de l’Ohio, personne ne croyait plus en lui après la guerre. Déprimé, endetté, rentré chez ses parents il voulut tout laisser tomber. Mais Bill trouva un job d’animateur de radio sur WTIC ; Sa fiancée tomba enceinte de Sharyn Anne. Il se maria avec Dorothy « Dottie » Crowe le 11 décembre 1946. Les époux s’installèrent à Hartford (Connecticut). Dottie travaillait à temps partiel dans une boutique. Bill bossait dans différentes radios, chantant et animant des émissions mais n’avait pas le droit de diffuser les musiques noires qu’il appréciait. En 1947 aucune radio ne diffusait de disques appelés « jigaboo » — même dans le nord et l’est du pays.
The Four Aces of Swing
En 1948, il fut engagé sur WPWA à Chester. Populaire, la station émettait dans toute la région de Philadelphie. Lou Pollar, un homme d’affaires juif mécène de la radio, souhaitait que WPWA satisfasse les goûts de toutes les communautés : Noirs, Irlandais, Polonais, Anglais, Ukrainiens, Grecs et Italiens. Bill Haley commentait le sport, annonçait les nouvelles, les publicités et recevait les artistes de la région. Responsable de la discothèque et directeur des programmes, il travaillait de 6 h à 2 h du matin sept jours sur sept. Il avait formé fin 1947 The Four Aces of Western Swing qui adoptèrent le style rapide du western swing du sud. Ils ont enregistré un dizaine de titres country dont Rose of my Heart, une composition de Bill marquée par Gene Autry. Yodel, hillbilly, chansons de cowboys (Behind the Eight Ball) : Bill Haley maîtrisait et mélangeait les styles. Juste avant son émission quotidienne, l’animateur Shorty the Bailiff (James Reeves) diffusait du rock noir dans son programme Judge Rhythm’s Court où il parlait exclusivement en argot noir« jive », un type d’émission très rare en 1948. Ces morceaux plaisaient de plus en plus aux auditeurs blancs. Un de ces disques, Rock the Joint de Jimmy Preston (n° 6 fin1949) servait de générique à l’émission de Shorty. Bill en reprenait les paroles dans ses accroches : « We’re gonna tear down the mailbox, rip up the floor ». Les chansons de cowboy, de hot dance hillbilly, le western swing rural, les tempos rapides du country boogie n’accrochaient pas vraiment dans le nord-est du pays4. Haley en voyait bien le succès limité5 : les gens ne dansaient pas facilement dans la région.
Country Boogie, Hillbilly Blues
Proche du rhythm and blues, le fabuleux country boogie était la première forme de rock blanc. Il contenait des influences de guitare électrique blues et jazz très marquées et du boogie mêlé aux chansons de cowboys, de bluegrass des Appalaches, de hillbilly rapide (Kentucky). Mais la fusion de la musique country blanche dans la matrice noire du rock demandait une verve exigeant une grande implication émotionnelle du chanteur, comme dans le rock et le gospel noir.
Depuis le début du siècle, de nombreuses musiques populaires blanches s’étaient calquées sur les musiques noires (blues, country, swing, hot dance hillbilly, etc.) mais aucun Blanc ne s’était encore risqué à aller jusqu’au bout de la logique du rock, sommet de la musique exaltante, simple, directe, efficace. Les disques de rock s’accumulaient depuis la fin de la guerre mais la couleur noire était un énorme handicap6. Pour s’imposer dans les circuits de diffusion, le rock devait montrer… patte blanche.
Rock and Roll
En 1949 différentes formes de rock s’affirmaient dans le circuit afro-américain sous le nom générique de « race records ». « Rock the Joint » de Jimmy Preston précédait chaque soir l’émission de Bill Haley. Il n’était qu’un exemple de plus du raz de marée rock qui déferlait en 1949. En dépit de son costume de scène de cowboy, Haley appréciait ce rock noir originel depuis son périple dans le sud. Il y avait entendu ces disques sur des juke boxes, fréquenté des lieux de concert, rencontré et sympathisé avec Big Joe Turner et assimilé ces trésors afro-américains. Contrairement à ses pairs de la country, ils envisageait déjà — sacrilège — de les chanter parce qu’il les aimait et en ressentait le potentiel. À vingt-huit ans il était difficile pour lui de parler de sa vision artistique en raison de la ségrégation raciale. Sa timidité n’arrangeait pas les choses. Ses tentatives expérimentales d’intégrer la musique dixieland (du sud) dans le hillbilly étaient mal reçues dans les saloons mal famés de la région : les clients exigeaient de la country pure et dure.
Bill Haley and the Saddlemen
Après s’être intéressé à l’instrument électrique de son guitariste Slim Allsman et une fois son dernier enregistrement avec les Four Aces of Swing gravé sous le nom de Reno Browne, Bill a produit lui-même son single suivant sous le nom de John Clifton. Le pianiste Johnny Grande et Billy Williamson (steel guitar) l’ont alors contacté. Ils connaissaient ses émissions de radio et lui ont proposé une association. Fin 1949, Bill forma les Saddlemen avec de vrais professionnels. Il signa un contrat de management et d’éditions avec Jack Howard, qui rejoint l’agent de spectacles Jolly Joyce. Plusieurs disques sont sortis pendant cette période, dont le western swing Why Do I Cry Over You (Atlantic, 1950)7. Également publié par Atlantic, le premier grand succès de la rockeuse Ruth Brown, Teardrops from my Eyes8, fut alors repris et enregistré par Bill Haley sur une rythmique shuffle caractéristique du rock noir9. Mais ce mélange blanc-noir gênait et ce disque ne sortirait qu’une fois le succès de Bill Haley affirmé. Le 1er avril 1950 il rejoignait la marque Keystone. Vétérans du circuit country New Jersey/Pennsylvanie, les Saddlemen cherchaient à faire évoluer le son de la country & western dans l’esprit des orchestres de swing qui les avaient tant marqués pendant la guerre.
Rockabilly
Il tournaient sans arrêt. My Sweet Little Girl From Nevada montre cette influence rythmique du jazz, notamment un début de contrebasse slap (cordes de contrebasse claquées), caractéristique et stéréotype du rockabilly des débuts d’Elvis Presley en 1954. Bill Black, le contrebassiste d’Elvis, a été influencé par Fred Maddox, bassiste du groupe de hillbilly les Maddox Brothers and Rose qui pratiquait le slap depuis 1937. Le slap — et la contrebasse tout court — ont été largement popularisés par l’orchestre de Duke Ellington avec Wellman Braud, originaire de Louisiane comme un autre précurseur du slap, William Manuel « Bill » Johnson avec le King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band dans les années 1910. Le 24 mars 1951 naquît le troisième enfant de Bill. En mai il enregistra pour la marque Holiday de Dave Miller. Les titres plus conformes à la tradition country, tel Rose of my Heart, plaisaient à son public. Le virage se produit avec l’enregistrement d’un succès du rock, Rocket 88. Enregistrée le 5 mars 1951 par Jackie Brenston (saxophoniste du groupe d’Ike Turner), cette composition avait été inspirée par le « Cadillac Boogie » de Jimmy Liggins. Une phrase de guitare boogie y est jouée sur une guitare électrique saturée. Ce morceau évoquant l’Oldsmobile 88 a sans doute été à l’origine de la mode des chansons sur les voitures, les car tunes qui a vite suivi celle des hot rod songs10.
Très populaire dès sa sortie, la version de Jackie Brenston avait été diffusée sur WPWA dans l’émission « pour nos amis de couleur » juste avant celle de Haley — comme pour le narguer. Cette fois c’en était trop : Bill adorait les courses de voitures, il apprit le morceau par cœur et l’enregistra aussitôt, le 14 juin 1951. Les Saddlemen y appliquèrent la contrebasse « slap » qui resterait la signature des futurs succès du chanteur. Haley avait enfin trouvé son style11. Le slap resterait un passage obligé pour les artistes de rockabilly, un nouveau genre dont Bill Haley and the Saddlemen furent les principaux précurseurs. Si l’on se fie à la chronologie des disques, ils en ont été les véritables créateurs — et ce avant même Elvis Presley, pionnier et maître du genre en 1954-55. L’histoire retiendra « Rocket 88 » comme un symbole de la naissance du rock12 alors que le rock existait bien avant 1951 : en réalité, ce morceau signa l’acte de naissance du rockabilly, un terme imposé tardivement par le magazine Billboard vers 1956. Le rockabilly consiste fondamentalement à jouer du rock (noir) en y ajoutant des guitares country (blanches) et Bill Haley & the Saddlemen ont été les premiers à enregistrer cette formule de façon significative dès 195113. Rocket 88 est sorti en juillet mais n’a pas eu beaucoup de succès : la version originale avait déjà été numéro un des ventes « R&B » (musiques noires) et personne ne savait où classer ce morceau innovant.
Les Saddlemen ont accompagné nombre d’artistes en studio en plus de Haley. En avril 1952 ce dernier a rejoint les disques Palda qui allaient sortir ses morceaux sous l’étiquette Essex Records. Après quelques titres western swing dont Juke Box Cannonball, Stop Beatin’ Round the Mulberry Bush ou l’excellent country boogie Sundown Boogie, l’influence rythmique du rhythm and blues (plus le fameux slap de la basse) s’est encore affirmée sur Dance With a Dolly. En réalité, si l’œuvre de Bill Haley plongeait ses racines dans la country, en dehors du travail son goût personnel penchait pour les groupes de jazz noirs de la période swing. Il avait étudié la musique de Count Basie et reprendra par la suite plusieurs compositions de swing qu’il arrangera dans son idiome rock, comme Is It True What They Say About Dixie ou Forty Cups of Coffee (un succès d’Ella Mae Morse en 1953). Son objectif était de faire danser les gens. C’etait déjà ce que cherchaient les musiciens de western swing comme Bob Wills qui, dans les années 1935-40, avaient osé incorporer des éléments de swing noir à leur country pour faire danser les ouvriers des puits de pétrole du sud Texas. Pourtant les employeurs du nord n’aimaient pas que les clients soient importunés par la musique jouée trop fort (une pratique répandue dans le sud). Ils préféraient que les gens boivent en discutant avec des entraîneuses. Mais peu à peu la formule de Bill Haley fonctionnait : le public dansait parfois, comme dans le sud.
Le terme « rock » était jusque là le nom d’une danse (« rock » = balancement) associée à la culture afro-américaine depuis les années 1930. Dans l’argot noir très riche en double sens, « rock » était aussi synonyme de sexe. Le mot était utilisé dans un nombre grandissant de chansons, et depuis 1949 l’influent animateur de radio-disc jockey Alan Freed l’utilisait pour décrire un style musical noir exaltant, souvent dérivé des orchestres de swing, le « jump blues ». La simple utilisation du mot « rock » issu du vocabulaire noir semblait déplacée pour un artiste de country. Ce thème de la danse avec connotation sexuelle devint pourtant central dans l’œuvre de Bill Haley dès 1952. Il récidiva en reprenant un autre rock bien noir : Rock the Joint, le générique de l’émission de Shorty the Bailiff à l’antenne avant la sienne, nommée Bill’s Western Swing Hour. Shorty a insisté pour que Bill apprenne la chanson. Haley accepta d’ajouter un second rock à son répertoire country. Cette fois l’arrangement contenait un remarquable solo du guitariste des Esquires Danny Cedrone, une intervention si populaire qu’à la demande du groupe il la réenregistrerait à l’identique deux ans plus tard sur son célèbre Rock Around the Clock. « Rock the Joint » a été la base de Rock Around the Clock à plusieurs titres (dont l’intro). Sorti en avril 1952 peu après son enregistrement, il devint le premier gros succès du groupe. Mais Dave Williams cherchait à vendre le disque dans le circuit noir « R&B » et présentait paradoxalement Haley comme un artiste de country & western pour la scène — un contresens. Ce n’est qu’au cours d’une tournée promotionnelle auprès des DJ radio de la côte est, jusqu’à Nashville, qu’ils se rendirent compte que c’était la face rock du disque qui plaisait (et non « Icy Train », le morceau country sur l’autre face). Quatre cent mille exemplaires ont été écoulés en quelques semaines : à vingt-sept ans (officiellement vingt-cinq) Bill Haley était enfin une vedette nationale. Dim, Dim the Lights fut aussi un succès, son premier classé uniquement dans les ventes… de musique noire.
Sa nouvelle conquête Joan Barbara Cupchak étant enceinte, Bill quitta son épouse cet été. Il divorcera et se remariera en novembre à la sortie de Rockin’ Chair on the Moon, un titre très marqué par un feeling rhythm and blues. Pour parfaire la nouvelle vie de succès rock qui s’annonçait, il ne restait plus à Bill qu’à trouver un nouveau nom de groupe moins connoté cowboy (saddlemen = cavaliers). C’est Bill Johnson, un programmateur de la radio, qui suggéra le nom: les Comets, jeu de mots avec la comète de Halley qui avait été aperçue en 1910. Les musiciens se rasèrent les rouflaquettes, mirent leur costume country au placard et achetèrent des chapeaux tuxedos. James E. Myers proposa alors à Bill Haley une nouvelle composition à lui : Rock Around the Clock. Bill croyait au morceau mais à sa maison de disques, Dave Williams ne crut pas au potentiel de la chanson et ne souhaita pas l’enregistrer.
Bill Haley and His Comets
Oh the sun goes down and the moon shines bright
And it’s time for a ball on Saturday night
People gather ‘round like bees on a hive
And the boys started rockin’ at the Real Rock Drive.
And I’m gone ‘til the break of day
It’s the real rock drive and they play it in the real gone way
Bill Haley, Real Rock Drive, 1952
[Oh le soleil descend et la lune brille
C’est l’heure du bal du samedi
Les gens se réunissent comme des abeilles sur une ruche
Et les garçons ont commencé à se balancer au Real Rock Drive
Et moi je suis parti jusqu’à l’aube
C’est la vraie énergie du rock et quand ils le jouent ils sont vraiment partis]
Les Comets étaient les mêmes musiciens que les Saddlemen, avec des variations dues aux circonstances. Fin 1952, ils enregistrèrent pour la première fois avec un batteur, un pro du nom de Billy Gussak. Jusque-là, le slap de la contrebasse était leur seule percussion. Billy Gussak et son remplaçant Dick Richards étaient très marqués par la vedette blanche des batteurs de swing, Gene Krupa dont ils reprenaient les plans. Puis ce fut Real Rock Drive, un pur rock avec une touche de western swing — une vraie perle. Mais leur style hybride, indéfinissable car nouveau, leur fermait des portes. Ils comprirent qu’ils devaient toucher les adolescents, plus ouverts à la nouveauté. Mais les mineurs n’avaient pas accès aux bars à bière où ils jouaient ; Pour y parvenir, les intrépides Comets décidèrent de jouer leur rock dans les collèges et les lycées — c’est à dire gratuitement. Et pendant six mois, ils ont enchaîné les concerts dans des conditions très difficiles, testant leurs chansons et leur spectacle sur des jeunes. Bill a vite repéré que les ados utilisaient sans arrêt l’expression « crazy » (fou) et encourageaient les joueurs de football américain en criant « Go ! Go ! Go ! ». Il écrit alors le classique Crazy Man Crazy avec le bassiste et l’enregistra aussitôt. Ce fut un deuxième succès, vendu à plus d’un million d’exemplaires à partir de sa sortie en mars — Haley avait enfin trouvé son public. Le fils de la deuxième épouse de Bill, Joanie, naquît au même moment le 15 mars. Piquée au « Rock Around the Clock » de Hal Singer (1950), l’intro de « Wat’cha Gonna Do », sorti en face B ; sera bientôt plagiée par Carl Perkins qui en fit son célèbre Blue Suede Shoes en 1954 (Haley enregistrera bientôt « Blue Suede Shoes » à son tour). Toujours en 1953, Farewell, So Long, Goodbye était très populaire dans la région de Philadelphie, jusqu’à New York. Ainsi, en 1952-53, plus d’un an avant les premiers enregistrements rockabilly d’Elvis Presley, Bill Haley and the Comets ont incontestablement été les premiers artistes blancs à trouver le succès en jouant du rock. En septembre, Bill ajouta un jeune saxophoniste (instrument caractéristique des groupes noirs), Joey d’Ambrosia, à la formation remaniée. Leurs spectacles étaient très dynamiques ; quelque soit le nombre de concerts, les musiciens étaient salariés par Haley et sautaient dans la foule, se roulaient parterre. Le bassiste faisait des acrobaties sur sa contrebasse et le public était invariablement enthousiasmé par le spectacle. Ils jouaient dans des festivals, des bars, des synagogues, des temples, alternant gros et petits cachets.
Rock Around the Clock
Fin 1953 sur une proposition de Jack Howard, Sonny Dae and his Knights menés par un chanteur dont le vrai nom était Paschal Salvatore Vennitti (1929-1997), ex-batteur de Tommy Dorsey, ont enregistré médiocrement et sans succès la composition de Max Freedman Rock Around the Clock (Arcade 123). Le titre fut co-signé par James Myers (sous le pseudonyme de Jimmy DeKnight), l’éditeur sans scrupules de la chanson qui a ajouté son nom en tant que compositeur — et encaissera donc à vie 75% des droits d’auteur de toutes les versions. Le titre « Rock Around the Clock » vient très probablement d’un (excellent) rock du même nom écrit par le compositeur Sam Theard (notamment auteur de « You Rascal You » — en français « Vieille Canaille »), chanté par le saxophoniste noir Hal Singer et sorti par Mercury en 1950. Le refrain répète plusieurs fois « we’re gonna rock/rock around the clock »… En outre, le premier couplet commence par « one for the money/two for the show/three make ready/four let’s go/let’s rock » que Haley plagia sur Wat’cha Gonna Do — repris par Carl Perkins avec « Blue Suede Shoes ». Ou peut-être était-ce « Rock Around the Clock » de Wally Mercer (1952)14 ? D’autres rockers noirs avaient enregistré sur ce thème de l’horloge, parmi lesquels Wynonie Harris, dont le « Around the Clock » (1944) avait été un succès durable.
Rock Around the Clock a été enregistré en quelques minutes seulement en raison d’un grand retard dû à l’échouage du ferry boat sur un banc de sable du fleuve Delaware. Le groupe a dû apprendre, arranger sur le champ et enregistrer « Thirteen Women », une idée de Milt Gabler alors que le morceau subsidiaire « Rock Around the Clock », déjà prêt, n’a été gravé qu’en fin de séance en deux prises, la première étant mal enregistrée (distorsion sur la voix). Le morceau sortit le 10 mai 1954 en face B de Thirteen Women. Le single monta une semaine au numéro 23 (et n°3 des ventes R&B) avant d’être oublié. C’est Milt Gabler, un producteur juif de talent qui venait d’engager Bill Haley chez Decca, qui dirigea cette première séance avec ses nouveaux poulains. Décidé à assurer de bonnes ventes, cet ancien producteur de Louis Jordan (un Noir qui fut sans doute le véritable inventeur du rock dans les années 194015) les ramena en studio pour graver leur premier disque d’or, Shake Rattle and Roll, une reprise de Big Joe Turner (avec des paroles nettoyées). Bill offrit aussi une de ses compositions, Rock-a-Beatin’ Boogie, à un groupe noir, les Treniers qui l’ont enregistrée sans aucun succès. Haley gravera la chanson en 1955 en reprenant leur arrangement — un nouveau hit.
Blackboard Jungle
C’est Peter Ford, fils de Glenn Ford, l’acteur principal du film Blackboard Jungle (Graine de violence, Richard Brooks, 1955), qui fit découvrir « Rock Around the Clock » au réalisateur. Admirateur de Bill Haley, le jeune Peter passait sans arrêt le disque et Brooks l’entendit en rendant visite à son comédien de père. Le morceau lui sembla être une bonne illustration pour le thème de son film, les comportements antisociaux des étudiants d’un lycée urbain. Le rock était, cela va sans dire, considéré comme une musique de m’as-tu-vu, de voyous, ce qui correspondait aux stéréotypes de la mauvaise influence que les Noirs auraient eu sur la jeunesse. Au point que le son du morceau entendu dans le générique était souvent coupé en raison de la très mauvaise réputation du rock. Sorti en mars 1955, le film Blackboard Jungle eut un succès respectable auprès des adolescents, qui selon la presse commirent parfois des actes de violence et de vandalisme lors des projections. En dépit de nombreuses coupes, le film déclencha une série d’émeutes de teddy boys à sa sortie en Angleterre. Le film fit connaître Rock Around the Clock internationalement et le morceau monta au numéro un des ventes américaines pendant huit semaines : il fut le tube de l’été 1955. Bill Haley avait gagné son pari.
See You Later, Alligator
Le rock commençait à être plébiscité par la jeunesse américaine et entrait dans le réseau « pop » grand public avec la grosse marque Decca alors qu’Elvis Presley était encore confiné au circuit de distribution relativement marginal de Sun/Chess. Les Comets partirent en tournée à travers tout le pays dans un bus baptisé « The Comet » et Bill Haley amassa une fortune. Même chose pour ses associés musiciens Billy Williamson et Johnny Grande, sans oublier l’imprésario Lord Jim Ferguson. Plusieurs musiciens les ont quittés, dépités de ne pas toucher autant qu’eux — ils furent aussitôt remplacés. Ce fut ensuite See You Later, Alligator (« after a while, crocodile ») qui monta au n°6. Cette chanson déjà enregistrée médiocrement par Bobby Charles et Roy Hall a été brillamment réarrangée et fut un succès mémorable. Haley ouvrit des bureaux avec ses associés. Le sien, situé au sommet d’un immeuble, était surélevé afin qu’il domine ses interlocuteurs. Désormais, Bill ne travaillerait qu’avec des proches, les nouvelles compositions étant assurées par ses amis et leurs familles. Il fit construire un studio dans ses bureaux et un autre dans sa maison Melody Manor dès qu’elle fut achevée. Il créa plusieurs sociétés d’édition, prit le contrôle des disques Arcade et enregistra pour lui-même en plus de Decca. Il produisit d’autres chanteurs accompagnés par les Comets, qui gravèrent aussi plusieurs instrumentaux comme Goofin’ Around ou The Catwalk où le saxophoniste Rudy Pompilli et le guitariste Franny Bleecher pouvaient occuper le terrain. Ils tournèrent triomphalement dans toute l’Europe, une popularité qui ne faiblit pas jusqu’à la mort de Haley en 1981. Unis comme une famille, résidant à Chester, l’équipe se disloqua peu à peu et la magie des enregistrements de 1954 ne revint jamais. Mais de bons morceaux firent régulièrement surface et sont inclus ici. Quand Elvis Presley fit scandale début 1956 et enchaîna une série de succès pour RCA après « Heartbreak Hotel », les comètes étaient déjà devenues un spectacle du passé. Elles avaient ouvert la route et le rock était devenu la tête de pont d’un bouleversement social sans précédent où la jeunesse avait maintenant son mot à dire. Gene Vincent16, Roy Orbison17, Eddie Cochran18, Buddy Holly19 s’engouffrèrent avec talent dans la brèche. Même le rock noir obtint partiellement justice avec le succès de Little Richard20, Bo Diddley21, James Brown22, Howlin’ Wolf23, Chuck Berry24 ou Larry Williams. À la trentaine, Bill Haley alterna tournées triomphales et vacances prolongées au Mexique. Il continua à enregistrer avec constance des morceaux noirs comme Rip It Up, I Got a Woman ou Kansas City (il tourna aussi avec d’occasionnels musiciens noirs) et digéra les différents nouveaux courants du rock dans le style établi des Comets. En 1961, il eut même un énorme succès avec une version en espagnol de Spanish Twist ; malgré des enregistrements moins forts, une plaie qui toucha aussi Elvis Presley et nombre de prétendus rockers comme Ricky Nelson, jusqu’aux années 1960 Bill Haley a été capable de produire des disques de rock de qualité comme Chick Safari — et même quelques perles de country, son premier amour, comme ici Love Letters in the Sand.
Bruno BLUM
Merci à Prague Frank & Patrick Renassia (Rock Paradise).
© FRÉMEAUX & ASSOCIÉS 2015
1. Lire le livret et écouter Country Boogie 1939-1947 (FA160) dans cette collection.
2. Les versions noires originelles de tous ces titres et le « Give It Up » de Doc Pomus sont disponibles sur Race Records – Rock and Roll Forbidden on U. S. Radio 1942-1955 à paraitre dans cette collection.
3. Lire le livret et écouter Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys 1932-1947 (FA164) dans cette collection.
4. Retrouvez le hot dance hillbilly de Milton Brown and his Musical Brownies sur Electric Guitar Story 1935-1962 (FA5421) dans cette collection.
5. Lire le livret et écouter Western Swing 1925-1939 (FA034) dans cette collection.
6. Lire le livret et écouter Race Records – Rock and Roll forbidden on U. S. radio 1942-1955 à paraitre dans cette collection, qui contient les version originales de Rock this Joint par Jimmy Preston et Shake, Rattle and Roll par Big Joe Turner.
7. Lire le livret et écouter le coffret Bill Haley – Rock ‘n’ Roll Arrives (Bear Family 16509), où les débuts de l’artiste sont docu-mentés exhaustivement.
8. Teardrops From my Eyes par Ruth Brown est inclus dans Rock ‘n’ Roll 1950 (FA356) dans cette collection.
9. Lire le livret et écouter Roots of Ska – Rhythm and Blues Shuffle USA-Jamaica 1942-1962 (FA5396) dans cette collection.
10. Lire le livret et écouter l’anthologie Road Songs – Car Tune Classics 1942-1962 (FA5401) dans cette collection.
11. Les deux versions de Rocket 88 (par Jackie Brenston et Bill Haley) sont disponibles dans le volume Rock n’ Roll 1951 (FA357) dans cette collection.
12. Un poncif vite remis en perspective à l’écoute des huit volumes de la série Rock n’ Roll sur les origines du rock et Race Records – Rock and Roll Forbidden on U. S. Radio 1942-1955 dans cette collection.
13. Lire le livret et écouter Rockabilly 1951-1960 (FA5424) dans cette collection.
14. Rock Around the Clock de Wally Mercer est disponible sur Rock ‘n’ Roll 1952 (FA358) dans cette collection.
15. Lire le livret et écouter Louis Jordan 1938-1950 (FA5017) dans cette collection.
16. Lire le livret et écouter The Indispensable Gene Vincent 1956-1958 (FA5402) et 1958-1962 (FA5422) dans cette collection.
17. Lire le livret et écouter The Indispensable Roy Orbison1956-1962 (FA5438) dans cette collection.
18. Lire le livret et écouter The Indispensable Eddie Cochran 1955-1960 (FA5425) dans cette collection.
19. Lire le livret et écouter The Indispensable Buddy Holly à paraître dans cette collection.
20. Écouter The Indispensable Little Richard (à paraître dans cette collection).
21. Lire le livret et écouter The Indispensable Bo Diddley 1955-1960 (FA5376) et 1959-1962 (FA5406).
22. Lire le livret et écouter The Indispensable James Brown 1956-1961 (FA5378) dans cette collection.
23. Lire le livret et écouter The Indispensable Howlin’ Wolf (à paraître dans cette collection).
24. Lire le livret et écouter The Indispensable Chuck Berry 1954-1961 (FA5409) dans cette collection.
The Indispensable Bill Haley
1948-1961
By Bruno Blum
Along with white blues singer Doc Pomus who recorded the rock tune “Give It Up” in a specifically black “jump” style as early as 1951, the white country musician Bill Haley was the first to record a black rock composition (Rocket 88, 1951). He was also the first significant white rock singer in that he was the first to have successive hits in the genre, beginning with Rock this Joint in 1952.
Haley, a country and western singer, discovered rock ‘n’ roll in New Orleans after meeting Big Joe Turner and others while on tour. Haley was also an emcee at a radio station among the first to broadcast Afro-American music. Following the example of white hillbilly-boogie/country-boogie1 musicians who had integrated boogie woogie (in fashion from 1938 onwards) and black swing within country-music, Haley was one of the first to deliberately mix country & western and rock — two years before Elvis Presley. With his group The Saddlemen (rechristened The Comets in 1953) Haley became the first to make records in a new style, rockabilly, using a slap bass and country guitars to give lively rhythm to compositions that were highly influenced by the black rock of Jackie Brenston with Ike Turner (Rocket 88), Jimmy Preston (Rock the Joint), Hal Singer (Rock Around the Clock), Wally Mercer (a third composition named Rock Around the Clock) or Big Joe Turner (Shake, Rattle and Roll)2, not forgetting those Teardrops from my Eyes from Ruth Brown and the dancing “Swing” jazz of Count Basie or Gene Krupa.
By 1953 this admirer of Gene Autry and Roy Rodgers – he loved their cowboy-songs and became just as good a yodeller – was determined to succeed in imposing his original, hybrid rock style: it would allow him to go beyond an ordinary, commonplace career in “Country”. Haley took pains (and risks) to build up a young following receptive to his innovations in order to avoid the “has-been” country dance-circuit to which he seemed condemned – and which barely provided a living. By the summer of 1954 Bill Haley had already sold a million rock records, while Elvis Presley was just making his studio-debuts at Sun. The famous Rock Around the Clock was an enormous hit a whole year before Elvis and rock became a social phenomenon in 1956. A genuine visionary, Haley forged himself, owing nothing to anyone, and deserved his success even though it took a long time to come. Despite being misunderstood, badly represented by those around him and even sometimes disliked, this great precursor and creator made many quality records, scattered across a dozen labels. Thanks to the assistance of some dedi-cated collectors, this set finally manages to present Bill Haley’s best recordings, meticulously restored using original (mono) vinyl records which guarantee a sound close to that of the period.
Country & Western
William (“Bill”) John Clifton Haley (b. 6 July 1925, d. 9 February 1981) was born into a modest family living in a second-floor apartment on Florence Street in Highland Park, a neighbourhood just north of the centre of Detroit, Michigan’s great industrial capital. His parents Maude and William Haley had immigrated from Firebrick, Kentucky. His mother Maude, a housewife, was British by birth (Ulverston, Lancashire, where her father was a baker), and William Haley had lost his own father while in his teens, and been obliged to care for his brothers and sisters; he married late after raising his younger siblings, and when Bill was born he was selling gas at a local service station. Bill’s parents were fervent Christians (his mother played the organ in church and gave piano-lessons to supplement their low income.) With two children to bring up, the Haleys had no opportunity to go out to jazz and blues clubs; so they entertained themselves by playing their own music. Bill’s sister Margaret was two years older, and a gifted singer; Maude accompanied her on piano while Bill’s father played banjo and mandolin with talent. William Haley, a quiet man like his son, was a hard worker with little education; he had no illusions about life, and hadn’t been spared hardship. But he was an excellent mechanic and music was his outlet: he played hillbilly songs with passion, and his friends appreciated his talent. The young Bill Haley enjoyed the songs, too.
Jobless in the Thirties, the Haley family moved to Chester in the western suburbs of Philadelphia. When Bill was four he lost the sight of his left eye after an ear-operation in which an optical nerve was sectioned by mistake. His right eye was already short-sighted, and he couldn’t play baseball with his friends. People poked fun at him, and he keenly felt the injustice of his handicap: Bill became a loner and got into fights; he was an introvert with complexes, and prone to melancholy. He was punished when he’d been fighting, but concealed his handicap. He developed a passion for the kings of yodel—Roy Rodgers, Gene Autry “The Singing Cowboy” and Tex Ritter—whom he’d seen at the movies. Here you can listen to Bill Haley make his childhood dreams come true: he sings the Yankee yodel with gusto (more directly influenced by the songs of the Austrian Tyrol and Scottish/Irish ballads than by the South, where the “blue yodel” was influenced by Afro-American music-forms); Bill’s yodelling had more melody and fewer lyrics (cf. Yodel Your Blues Away, one of his first recordings).
At the age of nine Bill announced he was going to be a musician and built himself a cardboard guitar (his first real guitar was a Christmas present when he was 13.) His mother taught him the basics of music. You can hear Bill sing in a Gene Autry-influenced hillbilly style on Candy and Women (1948) or Ten Gallon Stetson (1950). At home his family sang English-style canticles and folk-songs, and the lively hillbilly of Kentucky, from where his father came. Bill Haley was tall and strong, and girls found him attractive. At twelve he sang “Chime Bells Are Ringing” (with a yodel passage) in public for the first time. He was a good pupil, but left school at fourteen to work in a factory. By the age of sixteen he was driving a truck delivering bottles, and already had a reputation for going too fast despite his poor sight. He was still involved in brawls, but now he was picking up girls, smoking, drinking… and singing Gene Autry songs. At the end of 1941 the Haleys moved to Boothwyn near Chester, Pennsylvania. Bill placed second in a song-competition at a Methodist church. Greatly offended, he would refuse to sing in public for two years. Due to his poor sight he was refused by the Army when he wanted to sign up in 1942, and had to go back to work in a plant building tanks, forced into manual labour. At seventeen he had a serious accident in a hot-rod race, and later worked in a locomotive factory.
Texas Range Riders & Cousin Lee
Bill began his career in 1943, at a local market in Boothwyn where he cleaned floors and did other menial tasks. Standing on a table, he started singing hillbilly, wearing a cowboy hat. He was quickly hired and continued every week, wearing garish costumes and recruiting musicians: The Texas Range Riders. Arlee “Cousin Lee” Elsworth, the leader of the Cousin Lee Band (and, like Bill, one-eyed) soon offered him the chance to open for Gene Autry, and the crowd numbered nine thousand… Autry congratulated the young teenager and Cousin Lee took Bill into his band, where he yodelled and drew young audiences. The band was often a guest on WSNJ radio, and they played throughout the region at weddings and dances. Bill was now a professional.
Down Homers
Two years later Bill Haley answered an advertisement placed by the Down Homers, one of the most famous cowboy-groups of the day. He was hired and became engaged to one of his fans, Dorothy “Dottie” Crowe — a dark-skinned Indian girl. In 1945 he left the Down Homers shortly after his 20th birthday to form his own band, the Range Drifters/Texas Range Riders. Rejoined by three members of the Down Homers, Bill toured across the eastern part of the country, and soon opened for Roy Rodgers in front of a crowd of 10,000. It was while on the road that Bill Haley discovered Afro-American music and became an admirer of Lena Horne. After an episode in St. Louis, in Texas he discovered the western swing style of Bob Wills, who would have an essential influence on him.3 Texan western swing was a faster form of country music, highly danceable and much influenced by jazz bands. Country artists wouldn’t hear of black music, however. His group disbanded in New Orleans, where Bill joined Doc Protheroe’s travelling medicine-show; an unusually strong dose of Doc’s elixir made Bill so sick he couldn’t play after crossing the whole country in a wagon. Abandoned and alone in the depths of Ohio, nobody believed in him after the war. Depressed and in debt, he went home to his parents, wanting to forget, but Bill found a job as an emcee on radio WTIC. Dottie Crowe became pregnant, and he married her on September 11th 1946, settling in Hartford, Connecticut to raise a family. They named their daughter Sharyn Anne. Dottie worked part-time in a shop while Bill had jobs with different stations, singing and presenting various shows (although his employers didn’t allow him to broadcast the black music he liked.) In 1947 there were no stations playing what they called “jigaboo” records, not even in the north and east of the United States.
The Four Aces of Swing
In 1948 Bill was hired by WPWA in Chester, a popular station covering the whole of the Philadelphia region. Lou Pollar, a Jewish businessman and radio-sponsor, wanted WPWA to satisfy all tastes and reach every community: Black, Irish, Polish, English, Ukrainian, Greek and Italian. Bill Haley was sports-commentator, newsreader, advertising-man and also played host to artists coming from all over the region. He was in charge of the record-library and also programme-director, working seven days a week from 6am to 2am the next morning… At the end of 1947 he’d founded The Four Aces of Western Swing, who adopted the fast western swing style of the south. They recorded a dozen country titles including Rose of my Heart, a Haley composition influenced by Autry. Yodel, hillbilly, and cowboy songs, (Behind the Eight Ball): Bill Haley mastered them all and then combined the styles.
Just before his daily show, there was a slot presented by “Shorty the Bailiff” (James Reeves), who played black rock in his programme Judge Rhythm’s Court, speaking into the microphone exclusively in black “jive” slang; it was a type of show that was extremely rare in 1948, and the pieces he played were increasingly appreciated by white audiences. One of those records, Rock the Joint by Jimmy Preston (it placed N°6 at the end of 1949), served as Shorty’s signature-tune, and Bill picked up some of the lyrics in his own announcements, saying, “We’re gonna tear down the mailbox, rip up the floor.” Nonetheless, cowboy songs, “hot dance” hillbilly, rural western swing and the rapid tempo of country boogie numbers didn’t really take on in the north-east.4 Haley could see their limited appeal5, because people didn’t easily get up and dance in those parts.
Country Boogie, Hillbilly Blues
Close to rhythm and blues, the fabulous music called country boogie was the first form of white rock, containing marked influences of electric blues- and jazz-guitar, boogie mixed with cowboy songs, Appalachian bluegrass and the fast hillbilly of Kentucky. But a fusion of white country music inside the black matrix of rock needed a verve that demanded great emotional involvement on the part of the singer, like in rock and black gospel.
Since the beginning of the century, many popular white music-styles had been influenced by black music (blues, country, swing, hot dance hillbilly, etc.), but no white artist had so far risked taking rock to its logical conclusion as a summit in music that was exultant, simple, direct and efficient. Rock records had been accumulating since the end of the war, but being black in colour was an enormous handicap.6 To assert itself in distri-bution-circuits, rock had to show white credentials.
Rock and Roll
In 1949 various forms of rock were gaining visibility on the Afro-American circuit under the generic name “race records”. Jimmy Preston’s “Rock the Joint” was heard every evening before Bill Haley’s show, and it was one more example of the rock tidal wave that followed in 1949. Despite his “cowboy” stage-outfit, Haley had been a fan of this seminal black rock ever since his tours in the south: he’d heard the records on juke boxes, knew the concert-venues, and he’d met (and become friends with) Big Joe Turner, assimilating all those Afro-American treasures. Contrary to his country peers, Bill already had a mind to sing them—a sacrilege—because he liked them and saw their potential. He was twenty-eight, but racial segregation made it difficult for him to speak of his artistic vision, and his natural shyness didn’t make it easier. His experimental attempts to integrate Dixieland (southern) music into hillbilly weren’t well-received in the region’s notorious saloons, where patrons demanded purist country music.
Bill Haley and the Saddlemen
After taking an interest in the electric instrument of his guitarist Slim Allsman, and after he’d done his last recording with the Four Aces of Swing (under the name Reno Browne), Bill produced his next single himself using the name John Clifton. He was contacted by pianist Johnny Grande and steel-guitarist Billy Williamson, who knew his radio shows and offered to become his associates. At the end of 1949, Bill formed his Saddlemen with true professionals, and signed a management and publishing contract with Jack Howard, who joined the Jolly Joyce concert agency. Several records were released in this period, including the western swing title Why Do I Cry Over You (Atlantic, 1950).7 Another Atlantic record was the first great hit by female rocker Ruth Brown, Teardrops from my Eyes,8 which was picked up and recorded by Bill Haley with a shuffle rhythm that was one of black rock’s characteristics.9 This white/black mixture was unsettling enough for its release to be put back until Bill Haley’s success was confirmed. On April 1st 1950 Bill joined the Keystone label, and he and the Saddlemen, by now veterans on the New Jersey/Pennsylvania country circuit, started seeking to develop the country & western sound in the spirit of the swing bands which had exerted such an influence over them in wartime.
Rockabilly
They toured unceasingly. My Sweet Little Girl From Nevada shows the jazz-rhythm influence, especially in the slap-bass introduction that was a characteristic (and stereotype) of Elvis Presley’s rockabilly debuts in 1954. Bill Black, who played double bass with Elvis, was influenced by Fred Maddox, the bassist in the “Maddox Brothers and Rose” hillbilly group (he’d been playing slap-bass since 1937). The style—and the double bass itself—had been made widely popular by the Duke Ellington Orchestra thanks to Wellman Braud, a native of Louisiana like another slap precursor, William Manuel “Bill” Johnson, who played with King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band after 1910.
Bill Haley’s third child was born on March 24th 1951, and in May he recorded for Dave Miller’s Holiday label. The titles, truer to the country tradition (like Rose of my Heart), pleased his audience, and Bill’s road took a new turn after a recording of a rock hit entitled Rocket 88. Made on March 5th 1951 by Jackie Brenston (the Ike Turner band’s saxophonist), this composition had been inspired by the song “Cadillac Boogie” by Jimmy Liggins. A guitar-boogie lick is played on it by a saturated electric guitar, and this piece recalling Oldsmobile’s ‘88 model was no doubt the origin of the “car-tune” fashion which quickly went on to produce “hot rod” songs.10
Jackie Brenston’s version was very popular on its release, and had been aired by WPWA in the show “for our colored friends” which immediately preceded Haley’s show… as if to needle him. This time, enough was enough: Bill just loved an automobile-race, and he learned the song by heart, recording it at once (June 14th 1951). The Saddlemen added the slap bass that would become the signature for the singer’s future hits. Haley had finally found his style.11 And slap bass would remain mandatory for artists playing rockabilly, a new genre whose main forerunners were Bill Haley and the Saddlemen. Chronologically, if you look at the release-dates, they were even the true creators of the genre — even before Elvis Presley, who pioneered and mastered he genre in 1954-55. History has retained “Rocket 88” as a symbol of the birth of rock,12 even though rock existed well before 1951: the fact is, this tune was the birth-certificate of rockabilly, a term belatedly imposed by “Billboard” magazine towards 1956. Rockabilly consisted fundamentally in playing (black) rock with the addition of (white) country guitars, and Bill Haley & the Saddlemen were the first to record significantly using this formula as early as 1951.13 Rocket 88 came out in July but didn’t have much success: the original version had already been N°1 in the “R&B” (black music) charts, and nobody knew where to put this innovative new version.
The Saddlemen accompanied many artists other than Haley in the studios. In April ‘52 Bill moved to the Palda company, which would release his work on the Essex Records label. After a few western swing titles, among them Juke Box Cannonball, Stop Beatin’ Round the Mulberry Bush and the excellent country boogie piece Sundown Boogie, the influence of the rhythm and blues beat (plus that famous slap bass) became even stronger on Dance With a Dolly. It’s true to say that while Bill Haley’s music had deep country roots, his personal tastes away from his studio work inclined more towards the black jazz groups of the swing era. He’d studied Count Basie’s music and would later pick up several swing compositions which he arranged in his own rock idiom, like Is It True What They Say About Dixie or Forty Cups of Coffee (an Ella Mae Morse hit in 1953). Haley’s aim was to make people dance, which was already what western swing musicians like Bob Wills were trying to do: in the period 1935-1940 they’d boldly incorporated swing elements into their country style to make people dance, as did Western Swing groups working near the oil-wells in the south of Texas. Yet northern club-owners didn’t like their customers being bothered by music played too loud (a widespread southern practise); they preferred them to drink while they were entertained by the girls in the bars. Slowly, Bill Haley’s formula began to make progress, however: sometimes people danced, like in Texas.
Until then, the word “rock” had been reserved for a dance associated with Afro-American culture since the Thirties. Among black people, whose slang is rich in double-entendres, the word “rock” was also a synonym for sexual intercourse; the word was increasingly used in song-lyrics, and since 1949 the influential radio DJ Alan Freed had been using it to describe an exultant black music style, often derived from swing orchestras, known as “jump blues”. The simple use of the word “rock” from the black vocabulary seemed out of place amongst country artists, yet this dance-theme with sexual connotations became central to Bill Haley’s work from 1952 onwards. He returned to it when he picked up another (very) black number called Rock the Joint, the theme-tune for Shorty the Bailiff’s show, which aired before Haley’s own programme, Bill’s Western Swing Hour. Shorty insisted that Bill should learn the song, and Haley agreed to add a second rock number to his country repertoire. This time the arrangement contained a remarkable solo by the Esquires’ guitarist Danny Cedrone, and his contribution was so popular that, at the group’s request, Bill recorded another identical version of it two years later for his celebrated Rock Around the Clock. “Rock the Joint” formed the basis of Rock Around the Clock in several respects (including the intro). Released in April 1952 shortly after it was recorded, it became the group’s first big hit. Dave Williams wanted to sell the record on the black “R&B” circuit, but paradoxically presented Haley as a country & western artist in stage-shows — a misnomer. It was only during a promotional tour for east coast radio DJs — it went as far as Nashville — that they realized that it was the “rock” side of the record that people liked, not “Icy Train”, the country title on the other side. 400,000 copies of the record were sold in a few weeks; at the age of 27 (officially 25), Bill Haley finally became a national star. Dim, Dim the Lights was also a hit, his first to have an official placing in the… black music charts.
Bill had a new girlfriend named Joan Barbara Cupchak, who became pregnant, and Bill left his wife that summer. He divorced and remarried in November, at the same time as Rockin’ Chair on the Moon was released, a title with a strong rhythm and blues “feel”. To make this new life of rock-hits perfect, all that remained for Bill was give his group a new name without as many cowboy connotations as “Saddlemen”. It was Bill Johnson, a radio programmer, who suggested “The Comets” (inspired by the sighting of Halley’s Comet in 1910). The musicians shaved their sideburns, put their country costumes in the closet, and bought “tuxedo hats”. Then James E. Myers offered one of his new compositions to Haley: Rock Around the Clock. Bill believed in it, but Dave Williams and his label didn’t see its potential and decided not to record it.
Bill Haley and His Comets
Oh the sun goes down and the moon shines bright
And it’s time for a ball on Saturday night
People gather ‘round like bees on a hive
And the boys started rockin’ at the Real Rock Drive.
And I’m gone ‘til the break of day
It’s the real rock drive and they play it in the real gone way
Bill Haley, Real Rock Drive, 1952
The Comets were the same musicians as the Saddlemen, with some variations depending on circumstances. At the end of 1952 they recorded with a drummer for the first time, a pro named Billy Gussak (a slap bass had been their only percussion until then). Both Billy Gussak and his replacement Dick Richards were highly influenced by the white “star” of swing drums, Gene Krupa, whose traits they adopted. Then Real Rock Drive came along, a pure rock number with a touch of western swing — a real gem. But their hybrid style — difficult to define due to its newness — closed doors. They knew they had to reach adolescents, who were more receptive to innovation, but minors weren’t allowed in the beer-bars where they played… To get around that, the intrepid Comets decided to play their brand of rock in colleges and high-schools — for free, in other words. And so for the next six months they did one concert after another in very precarious conditions, testing their songs and stage-act on young people. Bill was quick to notice that teenagers constantly used the word “crazy”, and that football fans encouraged their heroes yelling “Go! Go! Go!” So Bill wrote the classic Crazy Man Crazy with his bass-player and recorded it at once. It sold more than a million after its March release; Haley finally found his audience. His second wife Joanie bore Bill a son at the same time, on March 15th.
Pinched from Hal Singer’s “Rock Around the Clock” (1950), the intro on Wat’cha Gonna Do, released as the B-side, was to be plagiarized by Carl Perkins, who turned it into his famous Blue Suede Shoes in 1954 (Haley would soon record “Blue Suede Shoes” in turn). Still in ‘53, Farewell, So Long, Goodbye was very popular around Philadelphia and as far as New York. So 1952-53, more than a year before Presley’s first rockabilly records, saw Bill Haley and the Comets undisputed as the first white artists to have rock hits. In September Bill made changes to his group and added a young saxophonist, Joey d’Ambrosia. Regardless of the number of concerts they gave, the musicians in the group were paid a salary by Haley; and the shows were very dynamic, with group-members leaping into the audience and rolling around the floor. The bassist performed acrobatics with his bass, to the great delight of the crowd, and they played in festivals, bars, synagogues and temples; sometimes they were well-paid, sometimes less.
Rock Around the Clock
Towards the end of 1953, at Jack Howard’s instigation, Sonny Dae and his Knights, led by a singer whose real name was Paschal Salvatore Vennitti (1929-1997), a former drummer with Tommy Dorsey, recorded a mediocre, unsuccessful version of the Max Freedman composition Rock Around the Clock (Arcade 123). The title was co-signed by James Myers (under the pseudonym “Jimmy DeKnight”). Myers was the unscrupulous publisher of the song: he added his name as co-composer and thereby received (for life) 75% of the rights to all versions of it. The title “Rock Around the Clock” very probably came from an (excellent) rock tune written by composer Sam Theard (notably also the writer of “You Rascal You”) and sung by black saxophonist Hal Singer. It was released by Mercury in 1950, with a chorus that repeated “We’re gonna rock/rock around the clock”… In addition, the first verse begins with, “One for the money/two for the show/three make ready/four let’s go/let’s rock,” which Haley copied on Wat’cha Gonna Do — picked up by Carl Perkins as “Blue Suede Shoes”. Or perhaps it was “Rock Around the Clock” by Wally Mercer (1952)?14 Other black rockers made recordings using this “clock” theme, among them Wynonie Harris, whose “Around the Clock” (1944) had been a lasting hit.
Rock Around the Clock was recorded in only a few minutes after a huge delay caused by a ferry-boat which hit a sandbank in the Delaware River. The group had to learn, arrange and record “Thirteen Women” on the spot; it was Milt Gabler’s idea, although the subsidiary title “Rock Around the Clock”, which was ready for recording, was only taped at the end of the session, in two takes due to the fact that the first was badly recor-ded (voice distortion). The latter tune was released on May 10th 1954 as the B-side of Thirteen Women. The single climbed to N°23 inside a week (it went to N°3 in the R&B charts) before it fell into oblivion. Milt Gabler, a talented Jewish producer who had just signed Bill Haley to Decca, led this first session with his new protégés. Determined that the record should sell well, this former Louis Jordan producer—Jordan, a black musician, was no doubt the real inventor of rock in the Forties15—brought the group back into the studios to make their first Gold record, Shake Rattle and Roll, a cover of the Big Joe Turner song (with cleaner lyrics). Bill also offered one of his compositions, Rock-a-Beatin’ Boogie, to a black group, the Treniers, who recorded it but without success. Haley cut the song in 1955, using their arrangement, and it was yet another hit.
Blackboard Jungle
It was Peter Ford, the son of actor Glenn Ford who played the lead in the Richard Brooks film Blackboard Jungle (1955), who brought “Rock Around the Clock” to the notice of the filmmaker. A Bill Haley fan, the young Peter played the record all the time, and Richard Brooks heard the song when he paid a visit to Glenn Ford. Brooks thought it would be an excellent illustration for the subject of his film, which dealt with the antisocial behaviour of city high-school students. Rock, it goes without saying, was considered pretentious music for hoodlums, according to the stereotype which represented Blacks as having a bad influence on youth in general… It was such a commonplace, in fact, that the music in the opening title was often suppressed due to rock’s very bad reputation. Released to theatres in 1955, the film Blackboard Jungle performed respectably at the box-office, where it drew many youngsters who, according to the tabloids, sometimes committed acts of violence and vandalism during projections. Despite numerous cuts, the film provoked a series of “Teddy Boy” riots when it was shown in England. But it made Rock Around the Clock an international hit, and it stayed at N°1 in the U.S. sales charts for eight weeks. As the summer hit of 1955, it made Bill Haley’s gamble a winner.
See You Later, Alligator
American youth clamoured for rock, and it became part of the mass-market pop network under major label Decca while Elvis Presley was still confined within the relatively marginal distribution-circuit known to Sun/Chess. The Comets went on tour throughout the country in a bus christened “The Comet”, and Bill Haley earned a fortune. It was the same for his musical associates Billy Williamson and Johnny Grande, not forgetting his impresario Lord Jim Ferguson. Several musicians left them, greatly piqued at not seeing most of the benefits, and they were promptly replaced. See You Later, Alligator followed, and went to N°6. This one had already been recorded (in rather mediocre versions) by Bobby Charles and Roy Hall, and after being brilliantly rearranged it became a memorable hit. Haley and his associates opened an office. Bill’s desk, in a room located at the top of a building, was higher than the others so that he could look down on those in front of him. From now on, Bill would work only with people who were close, and his new compositions came from his friends and family. He had a studio built inside his offices, and installed another one at his home, Melody Manor, as soon as its construction was finished. He created several publishing companies, took over Arcade Records, and recorded for himself as well as for Decca. He produced other singers, accompanied by the Comets, who also recorded several instrumentals (such as Goofin’ Around or The Catwalk) on which saxophonist Rudy Pompilli and guitarist Franny Bleecher could stretch out. They conducted triumphant tours across Europe and their popularity only waned after Haley’s death in 1981. They lived in Chester like one, united family, and then slowly fell apart; the magic of those 1954 recordings never came back. But some good titles regularly surfaced and these are also included here. While Elvis Presley caused a scandal in 1956, and began a whole series of hits for RCA after “Heartbreak Hotel”, the Comets were already a show of the past. They’d opened the way for rock, and rock had become the bridgehead of a social upheaval without precedent: young people would now have their say. Gene Vincent,16 Roy Orbison,17 Eddie Cochran18 and Buddy Holly19 leapt into the breach with great talent. Even black rock obtained partial justice with the hits of Little Richard,20 Bo Diddley,21 James Brown,22 Howlin’ Wolf,23 Chuck Berry24 or Larry Williams. In his thirties, Bill Haley alternated triumphs on tour with extended holidays in Mexico, and steadfastly continued to record black tunes like Rip It Up, I Got a Woman or Kansas City (also occasionally touring with black musicians), while assimilating various new trends in music in the established Comets style. In 1961 he even had an enormous hit with a Spanish-language version of Spanish Twist. Despite recordings that weren’t as strong—a syndrome that also plagued Elvis and a number of “rockers” like Ricky Nelson—up until the Sixties Bill Haley was still capable of producing quality rock records like Chick Safari and, going back to his first loves, even a few country gems like Love Letters in the Sand, which is included here.
Bruno BLUM
English adaptation: Martin DAVIES
Thanks to Prague Frank & Patrick Renassia (Rock Paradise).
© FRÉMEAUX & ASSOCIÉS 2015
1. Cf. Country Boogie 1939-1947 (FA160) in this col-lection.
2. The original versions of all these titles and “Give It Up” by Doc Pomus will be available on Race Records – Rock and Roll Forbidden on U. S. Radio 1942-1955 (future Frémeaux release).
3. Cf. Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys 1932-1947 (FA164).
4. Hot dance hillbilly by Milton Brown and his Musical Brownies can be heard on Electric Guitar Story 1935-1962 (FA5421).
5. Cf. Western Swing 1925-1939 (FA034).
6. Cf. future release Race Records – Rock and Roll forbidden on U. S. radio 1942-1955 which contains the original versions of Rock this Joint by Jimmy Preston and Shake, Rattle and Roll by Big Joe Turner.
7. Cf. Bill Haley – Rock ‘n’ Roll Arrives (Bear Family set, 16509), which exhaustively details the artist’s early days.
8. Teardrops From my Eyes by Ruth Brown is included in Rock ‘n’ Roll 1950 (FA356).
9. Cf. Roots of Ska – Rhythm and Blues Shuffle USA-Jamaica 1942-1962 (FA5396).
10. Cf. Road Songs – Car Tune Classics 1942-1962 (FA5401).
11. The Jackie Brenston and Bill Haley versions of Rocket 88 are available on Rock n’ Roll 1951 (FA357).
12. A cliché quickly put in perspective after listening to the eight volumes of the series Rock n’ Roll dealing with rock’s origins, and Race Records – Rock and Roll Forbidden on U. S. Radio 1942-1955 (in the same collection).
13. Cf. Rockabilly 1951-1960 (FA5424).
14. Rock Around the Clock by Wally Mercer is available on Rock ‘n’ Roll 1952 (FA358).
15. Cf. Louis Jordan 1938-1950 (FA5017).
16. Cf. The Indispensable Gene Vincent 1956-1958 (FA5402) et 1958-1962 (FA5422).
17. Cf. The Indispensable Roy Orbison 1956-1962 (FA5438).
18. Cf. The Indispensable Eddie Cochran 1955-1960 (FA5425).
19. Cf. The Indispensable Buddy Holly (to be released).
20. Cf. The Indispensable Little Richard (to be released).
21. Cf. The Indispensable Bo Diddley 1955-1960 (FA5376) and 1959-1962 (FA5406).
22. Cf. The Indispensable James Brown 1956-1961 (FA5378).
23. Cf. The Indispensable Howlin’ Wolf (to be released).
24. Cf. The Indispensable Chuck Berry 1954-1961 (FA5409).
Discography 1: 1948-1953
Bill Haley & the Four Aces of Western Swing
1. CANDY AND WOMEN
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; unknown steel g, b. WPWA Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, circa 1948.
2. BEHIND THE EIGHT BALL
(Jenny Carson)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Julian Barnard aka Bashful Barney-v, b; unknown [possibly Merle Fritz] steel g, [possibly Al Constantine] accordion. WPWA Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, circa 1948.
3. YODEL YOUR BLUES AWAY
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Jack Howard )
Same as above, circa 1949.
Bill Haley & the Saddlemen
Note : backing vocals by Francis Beecher as Franny Beecher, Marshall Lytle, William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson
Bill Haley & the Saddlemen
4. TEN GALLON STETSON (With a Hole in the Crown)
(James E. Myers aka Jimmy DeKnight)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Joe Piccirilli-b; Johnny Grande-accordion. WPWA Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, ca. January or February 1950.
5. WHY DO I CRY OVER YOU?
(Jimmy DeKnight, Arrett Rusty Keefer)
6. TEARDROPS FROM MY EYES
(Rudolph Toombs aka Rudy Toombs)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b; Jimmy Myers-d; Johnny Grande or Bill Borelli-p. Possibly WPWA Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, circa October 1950.
7. MY SWEET LITTLE GIRL FROM NEVADA
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
8. ROSE OF MY HEART
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
Reno Browne & Her Buckaroos: William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley as Reno Browne-v, g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b; Jimmy Collett-fiddle; Johnny Grande-accordion on 7, p on 8. WPWA Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, circa November 1950/January 1951.
9. ROCKET 88
(Jackie Brenston)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Donato Joseph Cedrone as Danny Cedrone-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b; Johnny Grande-p. WCVH Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, June 14, 1951.
10. JUKE BOX CANNONBALL
(Rogers, Arrett Rusty Keefer, Barrie)
11. SUNDOWN BOOGIE
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Arrett Rusty Keefer-fiddle, g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Marshall Lytle-b ; Johnny A. Grande-p. WCVH Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, January 1952.
12. DANCE WITH A DOLLY (With a Hole in Her Stocking)
(Jim Eaton as Jimmy Eaton, Mickey Leader, Terry Shand)
13. ROCKIN’ CHAIR ON THE MOON
(Harry Broomall, William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Donato Joseph Cedrone as Danny Cedrone-g ; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Marshall Lytle-b ; Johnny A. Grande-p. WCVH Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, July or August, 1952.
14. STOP BEATIN’ ‘ROUND THE MULBERRY BUSH
(S. Bickley Reichner as Bickley Reichmer)
15. REAL ROCK DRIVE
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Donato Joseph Cedrone as Danny Cedrone-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Marshall Lytle-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Billy Gussak-d. WCVH Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, November or December, 1952.
16. ROCK THE JOINT
(Harry Crafton, Wendell Keane aka Don Keane, Harry Bagby aka Doc Bagby)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Johnny Grande-p; Marshall Lytle-b. Produced by Dave Miller. WCVH Radio Station Studio, Chester, Pennsylvania, April 1952.
Bill Haley & His Comets
17. CRAZY MAN CRAZY
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Marshall Lytle)
18. WATCHA GONNA DO
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
19. PAT-A-CAKE
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson)
20. FRACTURED
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Marshall Lytle)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Art Ryerson-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Marshall Lytle-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Billy Gussak-d ; Jerry Blaine, Dave Miller-backing vocals. Coastal Recording Co./Audio Video Recording Co., Inc., New York City, April or May, 1953.
21. LIVE IT UP
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
22. FAREWELL, SO LONG, GOODBYE
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Art Ryerson-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Tony Lance-bar sax; Marshall Lytle-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Billy Gussak-d. Coastal Recording Co./Audio Video Recording Co., Inc., New York City, September or October, 1953.
23. I’LL BE TRUE
(William Mc Lemore aka Bill Mc Lemore)
24. TEN LITTLE INDIANS
(Septimus Winner, arranged by William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
25. YES INDEED!
(Melvin James Oliver aka Sy Oliver)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Art Ryerson-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Tony Lance-bar sax; Marshall Lytle-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; unknown-org; Dave Miller-clapboard; Cliff Leeman-d. Coastal Recording Co./Audio Video Recording Co., Inc., New York City, circa December, 1953.
Discography 2 : 1954-1956
Note : backing vocals by Fran-cis Beecher as Franny Beecher, Marshall Lytle, Wil-liam F. Wil-liamson aka Billy Williamson
1. ROCK AROUND
THE CLOCK
(Max C. Free-dman, James E. Myers aka Jimmy Myers aka Jimmy DeKnight)
2. THIRTEEN WOMEN (And Only One Man In Town)
(James Edward Thompson aka Dickie Thompson)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Donato Joseph Cedrone as Danny Cedrone-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Joey D’Ambrosio-ts; Marshall Lytle-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Billy Gussak-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, April 12, 1954.
3. SHAKE RATTLE AND ROLL
(Jesse Stone aka Charles E. Calhoun)
4. ABC BOOGIE
(Al Russell, Max Spickol)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Donato Joseph Cedrone as Danny Cedrone-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Joey D’Ambrosio-ts; Marshall Lytle-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; David Francis as Panama Francis or Billy Gussak-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, June 7, 1954.
5. HAPPY BABY
(Frank Pingatore)
6. DIM, DIM THE LIGHTS (I Want Some Atmosphere)
(Beverly Cross, Julius Edward Dixson)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Arrett Rusty Keefer-g; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Joey D’Ambrosio-ts; Marshall Lytle-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Billy Gussak-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, September 21, 1954.
7. BIRTH OF THE BOOGIE
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson, Johnny A. Grande)
8. MAMBO ROCK
(S. Bickley Reichner as Bickley Reichmer, Jimmy Ayre, Mildred Phillips)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Joey D’Ambrosio-ts; Marshall Lytle-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Dick Boccelli aka Richards or Billy Gussak-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, January 5, 1955.
9. TWO HOUND DOGS
(Frank Pingatore, William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
10. RAZZLE-DAZZLE
(Jesse Stone aka Charles E. Calhoun)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Joey D’Ambrosio-ts; Marshall Lytle-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Billy Gussak-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, January 5, 1955.
11. R-O-C-K
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Arrett Rusty Keefer, Ruth Keefer)
12. ROCK-A-BEATIN’ BOOGIE
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b ; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell aka Rudy Pompilli-ts; Cliff Leeman-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, January 5, 1955.
13. THE SAINTS ROCK ‘N’ ROLL
(traditional, adapted by Milton Gabler aka Milt Gabler, William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
14. BURN THAT CANDLE
(Winfield Scott)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b ; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell aka Rudy Pompilli-ts -ts; Ciff Leeman-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, September 23, 1955.
15. SEE YOU LATER, ALLIGATOR
(Robert Charles Guidry aka Bobby Charles)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-v, g; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g, intro vocal; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b ; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell as Rudy Pompilli-ts; Cliff Leeman-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, December 12, 1955.
16. GOOFIN’ AROUND
(Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher, Johnny A. Grande)
17. HOOK LINE AND SINKER
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Edward A. Khoury, Ronnie Bonner)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley- g, v on 17; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g, v; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g, v; Al Rex-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell as Rudy Pompilli; Ralph Jones-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, March 23,1956.
18. CALLING ALL COMETS
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Milton Gabler aka Milt Gabler, Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell as Rudy Pompilli)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-g; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell as Rudy Pompilli-ts; Ralph Jones-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, March 27, 1956.
19. CHOO CHOO CH’BOOGIE
(Denver Darling, Vaughn Horton, Milton Gabler aka Milt Gabler)
Same as above, Bill Haley, v.
20. A ROCKIN’ LITTLE TUNE
(William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson, Johnny A. Grande)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-g; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell as Rudy Pompilli-ts; Ralph Jones-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, March 30, 1956.
21. HOT DOG BUDDY BUDDY
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
Same as above, Bill Haley, v.
22. ROCKIN’ THROUGH THE RYE
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Catherine Cafra, Milton Gabler aka Milt Gabler, Arrett Rusty Keefer)
Same as above.
23. TEENAGER’S MOTHER (Are You Right?)
(Curtis Reginald Lewis, John Leslie McFarland)
Same as CD 2, #20. July 12, 1956.
24. FORTY CUPS OF COFFEE
(Danny Overbea)
Same as CD 2, #20. October 4, 1956.
Discography 3 : 1956-1961
1. RIP IT UP
(John S. Marascalco, Robert Blackwell aka Bumps Blackwell)
Franny Bleecher-g, intro vocal. Same as CD 2, #20. July 30, 1956.
2. DON’T KNOCK THE ROCK
(Robert E. Kent, Frederick Karger)
Same as CD 2, #20. October 4, 1956.
3. (YOU HIT THE WRONG NOTE) BILLY GOAT
(John Leslie McFarland)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-g, v; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g, intro vocal; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Frankie Scott-ts; Ralph Jones-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, March 22, 1957.
4. YOU CAN’T STOP ME FROM DREAMIN’
(Cliff Friend, Dave Franklin)
Same as above, no intro vocal. March 25, 1957.
5. IS IT TRUE WHAT THEY SAY ABOUT DIXIE?
(Gerald Marks, Irving Caesar, Sammy Lerner)
6. THE DIPSY DOODLE
(Larry Clinton)
Same as disc 3, #3, no intro vocal. March 29, 1957.
7. SOMEBODY ELSE IS TAKING MY PLACE
(Bob Ellsworth, Dick Howard, Richard Howard, Russ Morgan)
Same as disc 3, #3, no intro vocal. April 3, 1957.
8. PICCADILLY ROCK
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Catherine Cafra, Milton Gabler aka Milt Gabler, Arrett Rusty Keefer)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-g, v; Arrett Rusty Keefer-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Frankie Scott-ts; Ralph Jones-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, November 12, 1957.
9. SKINNY MINNIE
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Catherine Cafra, Milton Gabler aka Milt Gabler, Arrett Rusty Keefer)
Same as disc 3, #3, no intro vocal. February 6, 1958.
10. MARIE
(Irving Berlin)
Same as disc 3, #3, no intro vocal. June 12, 1958.
11. THE CATWALK
(William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson, Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher)
Same as disc 3, #3, no vocals. January 7, 1959.
12. I’VE GOT A WOMAN
(Ray Charles aka Ray Charles Robinson)
13. WHERE’D YOU GO LAST NIGHT
(Milton Gabler aka Milt Gabler)
Same as disc 3, #3, no intro vocals. January 29, 1959.
14. SHAKY
(William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson, Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-g; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rex-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell as Rudy Pompilli-ts; Ralph Jones-d. Produced by Milton Gabler as Milt Gabler. Decca Recording Studio, Pythian Temple, 135 West 70th St., New York City, April 27, 1959.
15. LOVE LETTERS IN THE SAND
(Charles F. Kenny, John Frederick Coots, Nick A. Kenny. Adapted from “The Spanish Cavalier” by William D. Hendrickson)
16. KANSAS CITY
(Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller)
17. WHOLE LOTTA SHAKIN’ GOIN’ ON
(Dave C. Williams aka Curlee Williams, James Faye Hall aka Roy Hall aka Sunny David)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-g, v; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; unknown-banjo on 15; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rappa-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell as Rudy Pompilli-ts; Ralph Jones-d. Produced by George Avakian. Bell Sound Studios, 237 West 54th St., New York City, January 12, 1960.
18. CRAZY MAN, CRAZY
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-g, v; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rappa-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell as Rudy Pompilli-ts; Ralph Jones-d. Produced by George Avakian. Bell Sound Studios, 237 West 54th St., New York City, January 27, 1960.
19. I DON’T HURT ANYMORE
(Donald Irwin Robertson aka Don Robertson, Walter E. Rollins aka Jack Rollins)
Same as above, February 9, 1960.
20. AFRAID
(Ottis Dewey Whitman, Jr. aka Slim Whitman)
Same as disc 3, #18. February 9, 1960.
21. HAWK
(Jones, Thomas)
22. CHICK SAFARI
(William John Clifton Haley aka Bill Haley, Catherine Cafra, Arrett Rusty Keefer)
Same as disc 3, #18. Unknown female chorus. March 7, 1960.
23. LET THE GOOD TIMES ROLL, CREOLE
(John Leslie McFarland)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-g, v; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; Bill Fisher-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Dole Dickens-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Ralph Jones-d ; Unknown female chorus. Produced by George Avakian. Bell Sound Studios, 237 West 54th St., New York City, June 1, 1960.
24. SPANISH TWIST
(Perry Bradford)
William John Clifton Haley as Bill Haley-g, v; Francis Beecher aka Franny Beecher-g; John Kacuiban as Johnny Kay-g; William F. Williamson aka Billy Williamson-steel g; Al Rappa-b; Johnny A. Grande-p; Rudolph Clement Pompilii aka Rudy Pell as Rudy Pompilli-ts; Tony Lee-ts; Dave Bates-d. Possibly Bell Sound Studios, 237 West 54th St., New York City, July 25, 1960.
Pionnier, Bill Haley a été le premier musicien blanc — et l’un des meilleurs — à trouver le succès en chantant du rock n’roll. Un an avant le premier succès d’Elvis Presley, il avait déjà vendu plus d’un million de disques. Chanteur de country puis fondateur du rockabilly, son parcours et son basculement vers le rock sont expliqués ici par Bruno Blum. Souvent méconnus, toujours éparpillés, les meilleurs enregistrements de l’interprète de « Rock Around the Clock » sont enfin réunis dans cette anthologie fondamentale. Patrick FRÉMEAUX
Bill Haley was a pioneer and the first white musician — no doubt one of the best — to achieve success with a rock ‘n’ roll song: he’d already sold a million records a year before Elvis had his first hit. Bill Haley’s career as a country singer who went on to create rockabilly and moved into rock is detailed here by Bruno Blum. Often little-known, but always scattered here and there, the best recordings of Bill Haley, mostly known for his “Rock Around the Clock”, are all available here in this fundamental anthology. Patrick FRÉMEAUX
Disc 1 - 1948-1953
Bill Haley & the Four Aces of Western Swing
1. CANDY AND WOMEN 2’51
2. BEHIND THE EIGHT BALL 2’51
3. YODEL YOUR BLUES AWAY 2’55
Bill Haley & the Saddlemen
4. TEN GALLON STETSON 2’27
5. WHY DO I CRY OVER YOU? 2’26
6. TEARDROPS FROM MY EYES 2’44
7. MY SWEET LITTLE GIRL FROM NEVADA 2’32
8. ROSE OF MY HEART 2’49
9. ROCKET 88 2’30
10. JUKEBOX CANNONBALL 2’20
11. SUNDOWN BOOGIE 2’30
12. DANCE WITH A DOLLY 2’30
13. ROCKIN’ CHAIR ON THE MOON 2’51
14. STOP BEATIN’ ‘ROUND THE MULBERRY BUSH 2’25
15. REAL ROCK DRIVE 2’19
16. ROCK THE JOINT 2’14
Bill Haley & His Comets
17. CRAZY MAN CRAZY 2’39
18. WATCHA GONNA DO 2’29
19. PAT-A-CAKE 2’21
20. FRACTURED 2’09
21. LIVE IT UP 2’51
22. FAREWELL, SO LONG, GOODBYE 2’18
23. I’LL BE TRUE 2’06
24. TEN LITTLE INDIANS 1’55
25. YES INDEED 2’21
Disc 2 - 1954-1956
1. ROCK AROUND THE CLOCK 2’12
2. THIRTEEN WOMEN 2’52
3. SHAKE RATTLE AND ROLL 2’31
4. ABC BOOGIE 2’29
5. HAPPY BABY 2’39
6. DIM, DIM THE LIGHTS 2’35
7. BIRTH OF THE BOOGIE 2’18
8. MAMBO ROCK 2’42
9. TWO HOUND DOGS 3’00
10. RAZZLE-DAZZLE 2’44
11. R-O-C-K 2’20
12. ROCK-A-BEATIN’ BOOGIE 2’24
13. THE SAINTS ROCK ‘N’ ROLL 2’42
14. BURN THAT CANDLE 2’50
15. SEE YOU LATER, ALLIGATOR 2’46
16. GOOFIN’ AROUND 2’39
17. HOOK LINE AND SINKER 2’35
18. CALLING ALL COMETS 2’30
19. CHOO CHOO CH’BOOGIE 2’32
20. A ROCKIN’ LITTLE TUNE 2’40
21. HOT DOG BUDDY BUDDY 2’35
22. ROCKIN’ THROUGH THE RYE 2’08
23. TEENAGER’S MOTHER 2’19
24. FORTY CUPS OF COFFEE 2’36
Disc 3 - 1956-1961
1. RIP IT UP 2’28
2. DON’T KNOCK THE ROCK 2’20
3. (YOU HIT THE WRONG NOTE) BILLY GOAT 2’44
4. YOU CAN’T STOP ME FROM DREAMIN’ 2’21
5. IS IT TRUE WHAT THEY SAY ABOUT DIXIE? 2’20
6. THE DIPSY DOODLE 2’25
7. SOMEBODY ELSE IS TAKING MY PLACE 2’15
8. PICCADILLY ROCK 2’17
9. SKINNY MINNIE 2’58
10. MARIE 2’19
11. THE CATWALK 2’27
12. I’VE GOT A WOMAN 2’33
13. WHERE ‘D YOU GO LAST NIGHT 2’44
14. SHAKY 2’04
15. LOVE LETTERS IN THE SAND 2’08
16. KANSAS CITY 2’23
17. WHOLE LOTTA SHAKIN’ GOIN’ ON 2’50
18. CRAZY MAN, CRAZY 2’07
19. I DON’T HURT ANYMORE 2’16
20. AFRAID 2’12
21. HAWK 2’24
22. CHICK SAFARI 2’26
23. LET THE GOOD TIMES ROLL, CREOLE 2’21
24. SPANISH TWIST 2’21