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Boswell Sisters - Andrews Sisters - Patti Labelle & The Blue Belles - Martha & The Vandellas - The Supremes
Ref.: FA5847
Artistic Direction : JEAN-PAUL RICARD ET JEAN BUZELIN
Label : FREMEAUX & ASSOCIES
Total duration of the pack : 3 hours 32 minutes
Nbre. CD : 3
- - Recommandé par France Musique - Jazz au Trésor (Alex Dutilh)
Boswell Sisters - Andrews Sisters - Patti Labelle & The Blue Belles - Martha & The Vandellas - The Supremes
Groups of girls singing together… from the end of the 20s they were known as girl vocal groups, a huge phenomenon in the USA that ended only in the 60s. By then they’d established the art of singing vocal harmony in every genre of American pop, and gone far beyond the country’s borders. Jean Buzelin and Jean-Paul Ricard have gone deep into jazz, pop and soul material for this set, and chosen the most representative groups that sublimed the songs of America’s girl singers.
Patrick FRÉMEAUX
CD1 (1931-1958) : BOSWELL SISTERS - IT’S THE GIRL • EVERYBODY LOVES MY BABY • MOOD INDIGO • ALEXANDER’S RAGTIME BAND. PICKENS SISTERS - SWEET GEORGIA BROWN. DANDRIDGE SISTERS - MINNIE THE MOOCHER IS DEAD. KING SISTERS - IN THE MOOD • JERSEY BOUNCE. DE MARCO SISTERS - IT’S BEEN A LONG LONG TIME • BOUILLIBASE. ANDREWS SISTERS - BEI MIR BIST DU SCHOEN • HOLD TIGHT, HOLD TIGHT • TUXEDO JUNCTION • BOOGIE BOOGIE BUGLE BOY • RUM AND COCA-COLA. DINNING SISTERS - AUNT HAGAR’S CHILDREN BLUES • OH MO’NAH!. FONTANE SISTERS - CASTLE ROCK • SEVENTEEN • CHANSON D’AMOUR. DECASTRO SISTERS - TEACH ME TONIGHT • LET YOUR LOVE WALK IN • TIGER RAG. PETERS SISTERS - SAINT-LOUIS BLUES • COMME TU ME PLAIS. CHORDETTES - WHEN YOU WERE SWEET SIXTEEN.
CD2 (1952-1961) : CHORDETTES - MR. SANDMAN • LIKE A BABY. CLARK SISTERS - I CAN’T GET STARTED. PAULETTE SISTERS - TELL ME YOU DON’T LOVE ME. ENCHANTERS - I’VE LOST. SHIRLEY GUNTER & THE QUEENS - OOP SHOOP. MCGUIRE SISTERS - GOODNIGHT, SWEETHEART, GOODNIGHT. BEVERLEYSISTERS - I DREAMED. LENNON SISTERS - TO KNOW YOU IS TO LOVE YOU. HEARTS - LONELY NIGHTS. BONNIE SISTERS - CRY BABY. COOKIES - IN PARADISE. RAELETTES - WHAT KIND OF MAN ARE YOU. THREE TONS OF JOY - THE LIGHT STILL SHINE IN MY WINDOW. TONETTES - OH WHAT A BABY. QUIN-TONES - DOWN THE AILES OF LOVE. PONI-TAILS - BORN TOO LATE. BOBBETTES - MR. LEE • HAVE MERCY BABY • ARE YOU SATISFIED. CHANTELS - MAYBE • IF YOU TRY • SUMMERTIME. MILLER SISTERS - DANCE CLOSE. PARIS SISTERS - I LOVE HOW YOU LOVE ME. COOKIES - CHAINS. STAPLE SINGERS - DOWNWARD ROAD • DON’T DRIVE ME AWAY.
CD3 (1960-1962) : SHIRELLES - DEDICATED TO THE ONE I LOVE • WILL YOU STILL LOVE ME TOMORROW • BIG JOHN • SOLDIER BOY. BLOSSOMS - SON-IN-LAW • THE SEARCH IS OVER. CRYSTALS - THERE’S NO OTHER • UPTOWN. RONETTES - I’M ON THE WAGON • SILHOUETTES. ANGELS - CRY BABY CRY. CHIFFONS - HE’S SO FINE. ORLONS - DON’T HANG UP. MARVELETTES - PLEASE MR. POSTMAN • PLAYBOY • FOREVER. SUPREMES - BUTTERED POPCORN • LET ME GO THE RIGHT WAY • PLAY A SAD SONG • YOU BRING BACK MEMORIES. MARTHA & THE VANDELLAS - I’LL HAVE TO LATE HIM GO. CHARMAINES - ALL YOU GOTTA DO. TONETTES II - NO TEARS. IKETTES - I’M BLUE. EXCITERS - TELL HIM. ROYALETTES - NO BIG THING. STARLETTS - BETTER TELL HIM NO. PATTI LABELLE & THE BLUE BELLES - GO ON.
DIRECTION COLLECTION : JEAN-PAUL RICARD ET JEAN BUZELIN
MARY LOU WILLIAMS • THE INTERNATIONAL SWEETHEARTS OF...
OTIS REDDING • ARETHA FRANKLIN • JAMES BROWN • MARVIN...
NEW YORK - CHICAGO - MEMPHIS - DALLAS 1920-1943
ARETHA FRANKLIN • CAMILLE HOWARD • SHIRLEY HORN •...
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PisteTitleMain artistAutorDurationRegistered in
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1It's The GirlThe Boswell SistersAbel Baer00:03:191931
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2Everybody Loves My BabyThe Boswell SistersSpencer Williams00:02:251932
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3Mood IndigoThe Boswell SistersDuke Ellington00:03:151933
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4Alexander's Ragtime BandThe Boswell SistersIrving Berlin00:02:591934
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5Sweet Georgia BrownThe Pickens SistersBernie Ben00:03:021932
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6Minnie The Moocher is DeadThe Dandridge SistersMusgrove00:02:261940
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7In The MoodThe King SistersJoe Garland00:03:291939
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8Jersey BounceThe King SistersBobby Plater00:02:461942
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9It's Been A Long Long TimeThe De Marco SistersJule Styne00:02:371945
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10BouillibaseThe De Marco SistersAlexander00:02:561953
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11Bei Mir Bist Du SchoenThe Andrews SistersSholom Secunda00:03:071937
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12Hold Tight, Hold TightThe Andrews SistersLeonard Ware00:03:141938
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13Tuxedo JunctionThe Andrews SistersErskine Hawkins00:03:051940
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14Boogie Boogie Bugle BoyThe Andrews SistersDon Raye00:02:451941
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15Rum and Coca-ColaThe Andrews SistersPaul Baron00:03:091944
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16Aunt Hagar's Children BluesThe Dinning SistersHandy00:02:371945
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17Oh Mo NahThe Dinning SistersCountry Washburn00:02:201947
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18Castle RockThe Fontane SistersAl Sears00:02:531951
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19SeventeenThe Fontane SistersBoyd Bennett00:02:041955
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20Chanson d'amourThe Fontane SistersWayne Shanklin00:02:131958
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21Teach Me TonightThe De Castro SistersGene De Paul00:02:541954
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22Let Your Love Walk InThe De Castro SistersJoe Greene00:02:311955
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23Tiger RagThe De Castro SistersEddie Edwards00:02:251960
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24Saint-Louis BluesThe Peters SistersHandy00:02:541955
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25Comme tu me plaisThe Peters SistersPaul Misraki00:02:481955
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26When You Were Sweet SixteenThe ChordettesJames Thornton00:03:211950
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PisteTitleMain artistAutorDurationRegistered in
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1Mr. SandmanThe ChordettesPat Ballard00:02:251954
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2Like A BabyThe ChordettesJesse Stone00:02:101957
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3I Can't Get StartedThe Clark SistersVernon Duke00:02:481958
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4Tell Me You Don't Love MeThe Paulette SistersJane Paulette00:02:281953
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5I've LostThe EnchantersChris Towns00:03:041952
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6Oop ShoopShirley Gunter & The QueensShirley Gunter00:02:151954
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7Goodnight, Sweetheart, GoodnightThe McGuire SistersCalvin Carter00:02:531954
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8I DreamedThe Beverley SistersCharles Green00:01:481957
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9To Know You Is To Love YouThe Lennon SistersHenry Mancini00:02:271958
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10Lonely NightsThe HeartsZell Sanders00:02:351955
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11Cry BabyThe Bonnie SistersJohn Robinson00:02:241955
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12In ParadiseThe CookiesTaylor00:02:331955
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13What Kind of Man Are YouThe RaelettesRay Charles00:02:491957
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14The Light Still Shine In My WindowThe Three Tons of JoyJohnny Otis00:02:161958
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15Oh What a BabyThe TonettesJosie Allen00:02:251958
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16Down The Ailes of LoveThe Quin-TonesPhyllis Carr00:02:501958
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17Born Too LateThe Poni-TalesCharles Strouse00:02:201958
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18Mr. LeeThe BobbettesEmma Pought00:02:211957
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19Have Mercy BabyThe BobbettesBilly Ward00:02:221960
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20Are You SatisfiedThe BobbettesEmma Pought00:02:301961
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21MaybeThe ChantelsRichard Barrett00:02:531957
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22If You TryThe ChantelsRichard Barrett00:02:171958
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23SummertimeThe ChantelsGeorge & Ira Gershwin00:02:201961
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24Dance CloseThe Miller SistersOllie Jones00:02:461962
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25Love How You Love MeThe Paris SistersBarry Mann00:02:071961
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26ChainsThe CookiesCarole King00:02:291962
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27Downward RoadThe Staple SingersTraditionnel00:02:331959
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28Don't Drive Me AwayThe Staple SingersTraditionnel00:02:221960
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PisteTitleMain artistAutorDurationRegistered in
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1Dedicated To The One I LoveThe ShirellesLowman Pauling00:02:051961
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2Will You Still Love Me TomorrowThe ShirellesCarole King00:02:401960
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3Big JohnThe ShirellesJohn Patton00:02:211961
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4Soldier BoyThe ShirellesLuther Dixon00:02:401962
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5Son-in-LawThe BlossomsDave Burgess00:02:041961
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6The Search Is OverThe BlossomsElroy Peace00:02:081962
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7There's No OtherThe CrystalsPhil Spector00:02:311961
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8UptownThe CrystalsBarry Mann00:02:201962
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9I'M On The WagonThe RonettesJoe Seneca00:02:181962
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10SilhouettesThe RonettesFrank Slay00:02:211962
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11Cry Baby CryThe AngelsMaurice Bailey Jr00:02:491962
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12He's So FineThe ChiffonsRonnie Mack00:01:521962
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13Don't Hang UpThe OrlonsKal Mann00:02:181962
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14Please Mr. PostmanThe MarvelettesDobbins00:02:301961
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15PlayboyThe MarvelettesBrian Holland00:02:441962
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16ForeverThe MarvelettesBrian Holland00:02:181962
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17Buttered PopcornThe SupremesBerry Gordy Jr00:02:591961
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18Let Me Go The Right WayThe SupremesBerry Gordy Jr00:02:331962
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19Play A Sad SongThe SupremesBerry Gordy Jr00:02:541962
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20You Bring Back MemoriesThe SupremesWilliam Robinson00:02:341962
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21I'll Have To Late HimMartha & The VandellasWilliam Robinson00:02:481962
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22All You Gotta DoThe CharmainesBebe Starr00:02:131961
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23No TearsThe RonettesWilliams00:02:331962
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24I'm BlueThe IkettesIke Turner00:02:321962
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25Tell HimThe ExcitersBert Russell00:02:301962
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26No Big ThingThe RoyalettesAlex Ferrara00:02:571962
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27Better Tell HimThe StarlettsBernice Williams00:02:311962
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28Go OnPatti Labelle & The Blue BellesRobert Martin00:02:381962
GIRLS
Vocal Girl Groups
JAZZ POP DOO-WOP SOUL
1931-1962
Boswell Sisters - Andrews Sisters - Fontane Sisters The Chordettes - The Shirelles - Patti LaBelle & The Blue Belles - Martha & The Vandellas - The Supremes
Apparue dès les années 20 et véritable phénomène aux États-Unis, la vogue des groupes vocaux féminins va culminer durant les sixties, imposer l’art du jeu avec les harmonies vocales dans tous les champs de la musique populaire américaine du XXe siècle, et largement déborder les frontières. Jean Buzelin et Jean-Paul Ricard ont sélectionné ici dans le jazz, la soul et la pop, les groupes les plus représentatifs qui ont sublimé le répertoire vocal féminin américain. Patrick Frémeaux
Groups of girls singing together… from the end of the 20s they were known as girl vocal groups, a huge phenomenon in the USA that ended only in the 60s. By then they’d established the art of singing vocal harmony in every genre of American pop, and gone far beyond the country’s borders. Jean Buzelin and Jean-Paul Ricard have gone deep into jazz, pop and soul material for this set, and chosen the most representative groups that sublimed the songs of America’s girl singers. Patrick Frémeaux
CD1 (1931-1958) : Boswell Sisters - 1 It’s The Girl 3’19 • 2 Everybody Loves My Baby 2’25 • 3 Mood Indigo 3’15 • 4 Alexander’s Ragtime Band 2’59. Pickens Sisters - 5 Sweet Georgia Brown 3’02. Dandridge Sisters - 6 Minnie The Moocher Is Dead 2’26. King Sisters - 7 In the Mood 3’29 • 8 Jersey Bounce 2’46. De Marco Sisters - 9 It’s Been A Long Long Time 2’37 • 10 Bouillibase 2’56. Andrews Sisters - 11 Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen 3’07 • 12 Hold Tight, Hold Tight 3’14 • 13 Tuxedo Junction 3’05 • 14 Boogie Boogie Bugle Boy 2’45 • 15 Rum and Coca-Cola 3’09. Dinning Sisters - 16 Aunt Hagar’s Children Blues 2’37 • 17 Oh Mo’nah! 2’20. Fontane Sisters - 18 Castle Rock 2’53 • 19 Seventeen 2’04 • 20 Chanson d’Amour 2’13. DeCastro Sisters - 21 Teach Me Tonight 2’54 • 22 Let Your Love Walk In 2’31 • 23 Tiger Rag 2’25. Peters Sisters - 24 Saint-Louis Blues 2’54 • 25 Comme tu me plais 2’48. Chordettes - 26 When You Were Sweet Sixteen 3’21.
CD2 (1952-1961) : Chordettes - 1 Mr. Sandman 2’25 • 2 Like a Baby 2’10. Clark Sisters - 3 I Can’t Get Started 2’48. Paulette Sisters - 4 Tell me You Don’t Love me 2’28. Enchanters - 5 I’ve Lost 3’04. Shirley Gunter & The Queens - 6 Oop Shoop 2’15. McGuire Sisters - 7 Goodnight, Sweetheart, Goodnight 2’53. BeverleySisters - 8 I Dreamed 1’48. Lennon Sisters - 9 To Know You Is to Love You 2’27. Hearts - 10 Lonely Nights 2’35. Bonnie Sisters - 11 Cry Baby 2’24. Cookies - 12 In Paradise 2’33. Raelettes - 13 What Kind of Man Are You 2’49. Three Tons of Joy - 14 The Light Still Shine in My Window 2’16. Tonettes - 15 Oh What a Baby 2’25. Quin-Tones - 16 Down the Ailes of Love 2’50. Poni-Tails - 17 Born too Late 2’20. Bobbettes - 18 Mr. Lee 2’21 • 19 Have Mercy Baby 2’22 • 20 Are You Satisfied 2’30. Chantels - 21 Maybe 2’53 • 22 If You Try 2’17 • 23 Summertime 2’20. Miller Sisters - 24 Dance Close 2’46. Paris Sisters - 25 I Love How You Love Me 2’07. Cookies - 26 Chains 2’29. Staple Singers - 27 Downward Road 2’33 • 28 Don’t Drive Me Away 2’22.
CD3 (1960-1962) : Shirelles - 1 Dedicated to The One I Love 2’05 • 2 Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow 2’40 • 3 Big John 2’21 • 4 Soldier Boy 2’40. Blossoms - 5 Son-in-Law 2’04 • 6 The Search Is Over 2’08. Crystals - 7 There’s No Other 2’31 • 8 Uptown 2’20. Ronettes - 9 I’m On the Wagon 2’18 • 10 Silhouettes 2’21. Angels - 11 Cry Baby Cry 2’49. Chiffons - 12 He’s So Fine 1’52 . Orlons - 13 Don’t Hang Up 2’18. Marvelettes - 14 Please Mr. Postman 2’30 • 15 Playboy 2’44 • 16 Forever 2’18. Supremes - 17 Buttered Popcorn 2’59 • 18 Let me Go The Right Way 2’33 • 19 Play a Sad Song 2’54 • 20 You Bring Back Memories 2’34. Martha & The Vandellas - 21 I’ll Have to Late Him Go 2’48. Charmaines - 22 All You Gotta Do 2’13. Tonettes II - 23 No Tears 2’33. Ikettes - 24 I’m Blue 2’32. Exciters - 25 Tell Him 2’30. Royalettes - 26 No Big Thing 2’57. Starletts - 27 Better Tell Him No 2’31. Patti LaBelle & The Blue Belles - 28 Go On 2’38.
GIRLS
Vocal Girl Groups 1931-1962
JAZZ POP DOO-WOP SOUL
Par Jean-Paul Ricard et Jean Buzelin
hénomène emblématique au sein de la musique populaire américaine les groupes vocaux féminins1, apparus dès la fin des années 1920, se sont multipliés au fil du temps en une véritable déferlante, dans tous les champs musicaux, du jazz au doo-wop en passant par la country, la pop et la soul music. Avec, dans les premiers temps une suprématie des groupes de chanteuses blanches et, dès les années 50 un renversement au bénéfice des ensembles de chanteuses noires qui aboutira au raz de marée Tamla Motown. Autre particularité de ce phénomène, la plupart de ces groupes se sont constitués dans le cercle familial avec la réunion des sœurs de la fratrie.
Si les Boswell Sisters sont les premières à connaître un énorme succès dès 1925, d’autres groupes de filles les ont accompagnés dans la mise en place de cette technique vocale faite d’harmonisation des voix aux tessitures différentes dans le contexte d’une variété rythmée, souvent proche du jazz.
C’est le cas des Pickens Sisters, trio né dans une plantation de Géorgie. Encouragées par leurs parents elles débutent très tôt et, signées par Victor, enregistrent 25 faces entre 1932 et 1934. Mais c’est bien aux trois sœurs Boswell, natives de la Nouvelle-Orléans, que l’on doit d’avoir fixé les codes d’un style vocal qui, aux États-Unis, va se développer de manière intensive. Présentes dans des spectacles de vaudeville et des programmes de radio très écoutés, elles touchent et séduisent un large public. De 1931 à 1936 elles gravent un grand nombre de faces pour Brunswick et Decca, souvent accompagnées par des musiciens de premier plan (Joe Venuti, Eddie Lang, Benny Goodman, Tommy et Jimmy Dorsey, Bunny Berigan). Le groupe se dissout après le mariage de deux des trois sœurs, Connie Boswell poursuivant une carrière solo dont Ella Fitzgerald revendiquera l’influence.
Nombre de ces groupes féminins ont bénéficié de la vogue des grandes formations tout au long de la Swing Era. Souvent des orchestres voués à la danse et dans lesquels les chanteuses, en solo ou en groupe, constituaient une attraction de choix, réclamée par le public qui les découvraient à l’écoute de la radio. Le passage au sein des big bands a fait office de tremplin au lancement des plus connus de ces groupes vocaux. Comme les Dandridge Sisters, deux sœurs (Vivian et Dorothy) et leur amie Etta Jones (à ne pas confondre avec son homonyme la chanteuse de jazz). Actives de 1934 à 1940, elles se font remarquer lors de leur passage au Cotton Club et au sein de l’orchestre de Jimmie Lunceford. Après leur séparation Dorothy fera une jolie carrière soliste dans la chanson et au cinéma (Carmen Jones, Porgy and Bess).
À l’imitation des Boswell, leurs idoles, les six King Sisters vont enchaîner les prestations avec les orchestres d’Artie Shaw, Charlie Barnet et Glenn Miller dont leur reprise de In the Mood sera l’un de leur premier hit. Le mariage de Luise (1937) avec le guitariste et chef d’orchestre Alvino Rey, qui devient leur directeur musical, les amène à se produire en trio, quartet et quelquefois sextet avec des changements au niveau des participantes mais toutes membres de la même famille, jusqu’à la fin des années 60.
Parcours similaire pour les DeMarco Sisters, cinq adolescentes inspirées elles par les King Sisters. Radio, cinéma et télévision les accueillent des années 30 aux années 60. Invitées vedettes du Ed Sullivan Show elles y côtoient Tony Bennett, Nat King Cole et Frank Sinatra.
Avec, elles aussi, les Boswell comme modèle les trois Andrews Sisters débutent, adolescentes, avant de s’imposer internationalement comme le groupe de référence du genre, dès leur premier succès Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen (1937). Lequel sera suivi d’une centaine de chansons classées aux hit-parades américains, jusqu’à leur séparation officielle en 1953. Leur popularité est au sommet durant la seconde guerre mondiale. Soutenant l’effort de guerre elles se produisent pour les troupes américaines et alliées en Afrique et en Italie, dans les hôpitaux militaires et les usines d’armement et enregistrent pour les Victory Discs.
Plébiscité, l’engouement pour les groupes vocaux se poursuit avec d’autres fratries. Les années 40 vont aussi profiter aux Dinning Sisters. Les deux jumelles et leur sœur, issues d’une famille de neuf enfants, débutent à la radio avant d’être signées par Capitol (1943) en réponse au succès des Andrews chez Decca. Leur premier album reste 18 semaines au sommet des charts puis, progressivement, elles infléchissent leur répertoire vers leurs racines rurales et la country music.
Pour les Fontane Sisters c’est sous le nom de leur grand-mère canadienne (Fontaine) que les sœurs Rosse se font connaître dans le show du chanteur Perry Como (1948). Signées par RCA Victor elles abandonnent le « i » de leur patronyme, enregistrent une série de titres, souvent des chansons populaires. Passées sur le label Dot (1954) elles ciblent le public jeune, amateur de rock and roll, placent plusieurs titres dans les hits parades et poursuivent leur carrière jusqu’en 1961.
Natives de Cuba, protégées de Carmen Miranda, les De Castro Sisters débutent adolescentes comme une version cubaine des Andrews. Emigrées en Floride en 1954 elles sont signées par un petit label, Abbott Records, et rencontrent un énorme succès avec la face B de leur premier disque, Teach Me Tonight, vendu à plus d’un million d’exemplaires. Un tube qui va leur permettre de triompher à Las Vegas et dans nombre de shows télévisés.
Rare groupe dont les membres n’appartiennent pas à la même famille, les Chordettes se forment en 1946 et interprètent d’abord de la musique folk, chantent souvent a cappela puis réalisent un énorme tube avec Mr Sandman (1954), N°1 aux États-Unis et repris par des dizaines d’artistes. D’autres succès vont suivre pour ce groupe aux harmonies superbes, jusqu’à sa séparation en 1965.
La notoriété de ces groupes de filles ne s’est pas limitée à l’Amérique et beaucoup de leurs chansons ont été diffusées dans le monde entier et parfois adaptées dans la langue locale.
En France, venues après une importante fréquentation des studios hollywoodiens, les Peters Sisters entament une carrière qui, de 1949 à 1963 les voient triompher au music hall, dans les revues aux Folies Bergères, au cinéma et sur les scènes de l’hexagone tout en enregistrant pour Columbia et Vogue. En Angleterre c’est aux Beverley Sisters que revient d’avoir popularisé le format du trio vocal. Deux jumelles et leur sœur aînée, actives au long des années 50 et 60, émules des Andrews, vont figurer régulièrement dans les charts anglais et réussir à percer aux États-Unis.
Remplaçantes des Pied Pipers dans l’orchestre de Tommy Dorsey (1944), c’est sous le nom des Sentimentalists que se font connaître les Clark Sisters, récupérant leur nom de famille lorsqu’elles quittent Dorsey (1953) qui refuse de leur laisser utiliser un patronyme associé à son orchestre. Spécialisées dans l’hommage aux groupes vocaux qui les ont précédés, on ne doit pas les confondre avec le groupe de gospel, plus récent, du même nom.
Protégées de Connie Boswell avec laquelle elles enregistrent à plusieurs reprises, les Paulette Sisters alignent, entre 1940 et 1960, un grand nombre de succès pour Decca, Columbia et Capitol.
Signées par Coral en 1952, les McGuire Sisters, proches des Andrews, seront comme celles-ci les premières à ajouter la danse à leurs performances vocales, plutôt que de rester figées derrière leur micro. Très présentes dans les grands shows télévisés américains (Ed Sullivan, Dean Martin, Danny Kaye, Perry Como) elles mènent une brillante carrière, ponctuée de succès, jusqu’à leur séparation en 1968.
Comme nombre de leurs consœurs les Lennon Sisters (les quatre plus âgées d’une fratrie de douze) débutent très jeunes (1955) dans le show télévisé du chef d’orchestre Lawrence Welk. Inspirées par les Andrews et les Mills Brothers au moment de l’émergence d’Elvis Presley et du rock and roll qu’elles ne dédaignent pas à l’occasion, elles réalisent de nombreux albums pour Brunswick, Coral et Dot, multiplient les apparitions télévisées et, très populaires, poursuivent une belle carrière jusqu’à la fin des années 90.
Jean-Paul Ricard
© Frémeaux & Associés 2023
Le milieu des années 1950 voit surgir de rapides et radicaux bouleversements dans le monde de la musique populaire, jazz et variétés, dont se sont emparées après-guerre les maisons de disques indépendantes. La pop music, qu’écoute les classes moyennes, doit encaisser l’arrivée tonitruante du rock ‘n’roll qui s’adresse spécifiquement à un nouveau public, les adolescents (teenagers) qui s’équipent de nouveaux électrophones, petits et facilement transportables, particulièrement adaptés aux microsillons 45 tours (singles) que produisent en masse les compagnies indépendantes et remplacent les vieux 78 tours.
Les artistes afro-américains n’échappent pas au phénomène. Jusque-là largement cantonnés sur le marché Rhythm & Blues destiné à leur communauté, ils commencent à sortir de leur ghetto et apportent leurs rythmes nourris de blues, de gospel et de jazz hot. Parmi eux, les quartettes vocaux masculins, innombrables, bénéficient d’une grande vogue et, dans leur lignée, on voit apparaître de très jeunes chanteurs qui se réunissent au coin des rues et interprètent des chansons parfaitement adaptées à leur public – cela se répétera quelques décennies plus tard avec le rap – qui raffole de ce qu’on va appeler le doo-wop. Largement minoritaires, quelques groupes de très jeunes filles vont tenter de se glisser dans ce courant. On considère Lonely Nights, enregistré par les Hearts en 1955, comme étant l’acte de naissance du doo-wop féminin. Après ce succès entré dans le Top 10 national Rhythm & Blues, elles rentreront dans le rang.
Les ensembles vocaux, qui ont brillé durant les deux décennies précédentes, poursuivent, pour les meilleures, leur carrière mais ne participent pas à l’évolution du genre, hormis les remarquables Chordettes qui obtiennent beaucoup de succès, tandis que les Fontane et McGuire Sisters se spécialisent dans les reprises (covers). Or on assiste à une « inversion des couleurs ». Alors que les groupes blancs occupaient quasiment toute la sphère musicale jazz et pop, un raz-de-marée de groupes noirs va balayer tout le terrain, à quelques exceptions près : Bonnie Sisters, Poni-Tails, Paris Sisters, Claremonts/Tonettes…
Les groupes de chanteuses noires apportent une façon de chanter qui provient largement des Gospel songs, à savoir une soliste au premier plan à laquelle répond le chœur.
Les pionnières du genre, les Enchanters/Deltones et les Queens de Shirley Gunter essuyèrent les plâtres, mais un groupe plus solide professionnellement, les Cookies, qui faisaient les chœurs derrière des chanteurs solistes de renom dont Ray Charles, se firent remarquer. Le futur « Genious » s’appropria définitivement le groupe et le rebaptisa Raelettes ; What Kind of Man Are You est le seul morceau où Brother Ray ne chante pas avec elles. Après une interruption de cinq ans, des Cookies rajeunies retrouveront un certain succès. Pendant ce temps, à l’autre extrémité du pays, les bien nommées Three Tones of Joy, faisaient les belles soirées du Johnny Otis Show.
Quant aux Quin-Tones, elles s’inscrivaient nettement avec le genre en vogue doo-wop, qu’allaient aborder et dépasser les Chantels. Issues d’une chorale catholique du Bronx, elles furent, grâce à leurs ballades, le premier groupe féminin du circuit R&B/rock ‘n’roll à obtenir un succès national, y compris dans le marché pop. Elles furent précédées et concurrencées, en cette année-clef 1957, par un groupe totalement différent, beaucoup plus rythmé, les Bobbettes, gamines de Manhattan âgées de 11 à 13 ans, qui atteignirent les sommets R&B et Pop avec l’entraînant Mr. Lee ; elles enregistreront beaucoup d’excellents disques sans jamais retrouver un tel succès. Plus enracinées, les Miller Sisters (rien à voir avec le duo country du même nom) dont l’une des cinq intervient avec raucité, ne franchiront pas la barrière séparant les communautés. On y ajoutera le country gospel profond des Staple Singers ; groupe mixte au début de leur carrière (père, frère et deux sœurs dont Mavis la soliste), il devient exceptionnellement féminin lorsque la troisième sœur Yvonne remplace temporairement Pervis et que « Pops » se contente de jouer de la guitare2.
La fin des fifties est la période où les artistes noirs commencent à franchir la frontière raciale qui empêchait jusque-là les plus grandes vedettes du R&B d’accéder au circuit blanc (disques, radios, télévision...). Les groupes de jeunes filles ont des atouts car, en dehors de leur candeur, de leur frimousse, de leur fraîcheur (la plupart ont moins de 17 ans), elles se forgent un répertoire « acceptable » pour le marché des variétés et le public adolescent : rythmes, mélodies, ballades aux paroles un peu sucrées, lissage des accentuations trop « noires », ingrédients nécessaires pour plaire au plus grand nombre.
Les Shirelles en sont l’illustration parfaite. Démarrant timidement en 1958 dans le New Jersey, elles vont « exploser » en 1960, enchaînant les tubes avec plusieurs N°1 aux Top 20 Pop et R&B (Will You Stll Love me Tomorrow, Soldier Boy...). Parfaitement guidées par leur producteur (noir) Luther Dixon qui leur fournit les meilleures chansons, elles vont tenir le haut du pavé et resteront l’ensemble féminin le plus populaire du pays jusqu’à l’arrivée des Supremes et autres dont elles ont ouvert la voie.
Autre producteur devenu célèbre, Phil Spector prend en mains les Paris Sisters de San Francisco aux belles harmonies, les Blossoms puis les Crystals et les Ronettes. Excellentes chanteuses de la côte Ouest, les Blossoms3 vont, à leurs dépens, enregistrer de futurs tubes qui sortiront sous le nom des... Crystals (He’s a Rebel) ! Pourquoi ce tout puissant producteur pousse-t-il cet ensemble au détriment du premier ? Avec de nombreux succès, réalisées par elles-mêmes (There’s no Others, Uptown), les Crystals seront l’autre groupe le plus populaire du début des sixties. Spector rencontre les Darling Sisters en 1959 qu’il baptise Ronettes deux ans plus tard... et épouse leur soliste Ronnie Bennett, l’une des deux sœurs de ce trio totalement « intégré » – origines irlandaise, afro-américaine et amérindienne – et de caractère qui obtiendra ses meilleurs succès après 1962.
Parmi les nombreux groupes d’adolescentes qui éclosent à l’époque, il faut distinguer le nom des Chiffons qui, en dépit de leur jeune âge (13/14 ans en 1960) montrent une qualité et une présence qui contrastent avec l’amateurisme de beaucoup d’autres. Elles possèdent un vécu, le Bronx, qui se traduit par une maturité et une finesse qu’illustre leur soliste Judy Craig. Après un double N°1 R&B et Pop (He’s so Fine), elles ne renouvelleront pas l’exploit mais poursuivront une longue carrière. Avec les Chiffons, le doo-wop s’efface devant la soul music.
Le troisième grand producteur, qui atteindra une envergure considérable, s’appelle Berry Gordy Jr. Principal créateur du Motown Sound de Détroit qui va révolutionner le monde musical, et totalement en phase avec les goûts musicaux de l’époque, il dirige une entreprise entièrement noire et va s’affirmer comme un fabricant de talents sans égal. Parmi les nombreux artistes qu’il lance, trois groupes féminins se distinguent, les Marvelettes, les Supremes et Martha and the Vandellas. Les Marvelettes, dès leur premier disque, signent un double N°1 en décembre 1961 avec Please Mr. Postman. Elles donnent le coup d’envoi de ce qui va se transformer en déferlante Tamla-Motown, les ensembles féminins y occupant une place primordiale. Héritières des Chantels et des Shirelles, les Marvelettes, malgré une vingtaine de tubes nationaux jusqu’en 1968, souffriront de la concurrence des Supremes poussées par Berry Gordy. À partir de 1965, le quintette deviendra un trio.
Martha Reeves va également pâtir de cette situation. Elle passe une audition chez Motown... et obtient un emploi de bureau, alors que c’est une chanteuse de tempérament, puissante et profondément marquée par la musique d’Église. En 1962 elle formera le trio Martha & The Vandellas et enregistrera un premier 45 tours, I’ll Have to Let Him, qui n’aura guère de succès. Le groupe devra batailler ferme pour s’imposer et obtenir de nombreux hits, plutôt R&B que Pop, signe qu’elle restait proche de sa communauté.
Pas assez lisses pour Gordy dont l’ambition est d’atténuer autant que se peut les caractéristiques noires pour pénétrer au maximum le lucratif marché pop. Il va trouver, avec les Supremes, le groupe idéal qu’il va façonner pour répondre parfaitement à ses objectifs. Et pourtant, contrairement aux Marvelettes, elles ont mis du temps pour s’imposer. Quatre adolescentes de 15 ans se réunissent et enregistrent un disque sous le nom des Primettes en 1960. Elles approchent l’entourage de Gordy qui se décide à les prendre sous contrat en 1961. La soliste principale, à la voix forte et soul, est alors Florence Ballard (Buttered Popcorn). Mais, le quatuor devenu trio, elle va vite être reléguée au second plan, la direction décidant que la lead vocalist serait désormais Diana Ross, au registre plus étroit et à la voix un peu mignarde. Deux disques suivants apparaissent modestement dans les charts (Let Me Go the Right Way N°26 R&B). En dépit de ces médiocres résultats, Gordy croit au potentiel du trio et surtout de sa chanteuse préférée – la présence scénique est particulièrement soignée. Enfin, au bout de neuf singles, les Supremes obtiennent coup sur coup deux doubles N°1 en 1964. Ils seront suivis par beaucoup d’autres. Mondialement connues, elles deviendront le groupe vocal féminin le plus célèbre de l’Histoire.
Reste-t-il de la place pour les autres ? Oui, car le genre est à la mode. Plus ou moins expérimentées, les chanteuses sont lancées par les maisons de disques prioritairement vers un public qui leur ressemble. Les Charmaines, excellent trio de Cincinnati, feront les chœurs de nombreux chanteurs, en particulier James Brown. Les Tonettes (II) seront parmi les pionnières du Memphis Sound de chez Stax, le concurrent soul de la Motown. Les Ikettes, organisées par Ike Turner, sortent quelques disques sous leur nom, parfois renforcées par Tina Turner (I’m Blue). Les Orlons, Exciters4, Royalettes obtiennent également de bons succès. Perdues au milieu de tous ces groupes « de couleur », les Angels, au talent modeste, parviennent à se faire une place.
Apparaissent enfin Patti LaBelle et les Blue Belles, de Philadelphie, qui obtiendront une réputation mondiale dans les années 70. Un premier disque sous leur nom (I Sold my Heart To the Junkman) est classé dans les charts R&B et Pop. Or il apparaîtrait que le morceau est chanté par les Starlets (encore un tour de passe-passe). Offrons-leur chacune une place et refermons notre longue histoire sonore qui a encore de beaux jours devant elle.
Jean Buzelin
© Frémeaux & Associés 2023
Notes :
1 Les groupes comprennent en général de trois à cinq ou six membres.
2 Yvonne remplacera définitivement Pervis en 1970.
3 Gloria Jones, des Blossoms, joue dans le film « La Dolce Vita » de Federico Fellini (1960).
4 Les Quin-Tones, Orlons et Exciters possèdent un chanteur masculin qui assure les parties graves., ce qui n’en fait pas des groupes mixtes.
Ouvrage de référence consulté : Jay Warner, American Singing Groups (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006)
Sites internet : doo-wop.blogg.org • singers.com/groups • list of doo-wop musicians (Wikipedia)
Disques originaux : coll. Jean et Patrice Buzelin, Jacques Périn, Jean-Paul Ricard
Photos, collections & documents iconographiques : Jean Buzelin, Joël Dufour, Jean-Paul Ricard, X (D.R.)
Remerciements particuliers à Joël Dufour et Christophe Hénault
GIRLS
Vocal Girl Groups 1931-1962
JAZZ POP DOO-WOP SOUL
by Jean-Paul Ricard and Jean Buzelin
hey first appeared at the end of the Twenties, and these girl groups1 became an emblematic phenomenon in the heart of American popular music. They multiplied over time to form a huge wave that swept over every genre in music, from jazz to doo-wop via country music, pop and soul. And at first the wave was led by white girl groups, with their supremacy only overturned in the Fifties with the arrival of black female singers, most of them famous for creating another tidal wave for the label Tamla Motown. Another particularity of this phenomenon was the fact that most of these groups came out of family circles, developing from reunions between sisters.
Even if the Boswell Sisters were the first to enjoy enormous success (as early as 1925), other girl groups accompanied them in establishing a vocal technique made of harmonising voices of different tessituras in a varying context of rhythms that was often close to jazz. There were the Pickens Sisters for example, a trio born on a Georgia plantation. Encouraged by their parents, they started singing azt an eazrly age and were quickly signed by the Victor company, recording some 25 sides between 1932 and 1934. But i twas nevertheless the Boswell girls from New Orleans who laid down the codes of a vocal style which, in America, developed with great intensity: the Boswells were billed in vaudeville, and they appeared on radio shows with huge audiences, enabling them to reach a large public. Between 1931 and 1936 they cut many sides for Brunswick and Decca, often accompanied by first-rates musicians such as Joe Venuti, Eddie Lang, Benny Goodman, Tommy & Jimmy Dorsey, or Bunny Berigan. The three sisters disbanded when two of them got married; Connie Boswell went on to pursue a solo career, and the great Ella Fitzgerald would acknowledge her influence.
A number of girl groups drew benefit from the big-band vogue that lasted throughout the Swing era. The latter were often dance orchestras whose singers, either as soloists or as a group, formed the main attraction: the public clamoured for them after hearing them on the radio. Their appearances fronting these big-bands constituted a launchpad for the best-known of the girl groups, like the Dandridge Sisters. Vivian and Dorothy Dandridge, together with their friend Etta Jones (not to be confused with her namesake, a jazz singer) were highly active from 1934 to 1940, after being spotted after their Cotton Club appearance with Jimmie Lunceford and his orchestra. When the three girls separated, Dorothy went on to enjoy a fine solo career in music and films, notably Carmen Jones and Porgy and Bess.
The six King Sisters, like the Boswells, their idols, appeared regularly with the bands led by Artie Shaw, Charlie Barnet and Glenn Miller, and their version of the latter’s hit In the Mood would also be the first hit of their own. When Luise King married guitarist and bandleader Alvino Rey (1937) he became their musical director and the girls appeared as a trio, a quartet, and sometimes as a sextet; there were changes in the membres of the group, but all of them belonged to the same family, and they continued performing until the Sixties.
A similar path was followed by the DeMarco Sisters, five teenagers who drew inspiration from the King Sisters. They were given a welcome by radio, films and television, from the 30s to the 60s, and guested as stars on The Ed Sullivan Show where they appeared alongside Tony Bennett, Nat King Cole and Frank Sinatra.
Another girl group modelled itself on the Boswell Sisters, namely the three Andrews Sisters, who started in their teens and came to fame internationally. They would become a reference in the genre, and in 1937 they scored their first hit, Bei Mir Bist Du Schön. That song would be followed by a hundred others that all went into the U.S. sales-charts before the group officially separated in 1953. They were at their most popular during the Second World War, and contributed to the war effort: they performed for U.S. and Allied troops in Africa and Italy, gave concerts in military hospitals and arms factories... and they also recorded Victory Discs.
Everyone voted for these vocal groups and the taste for them grew stronger when other girl singers joined in, like the Dinning Sisters in the Forties. The latter comprised two twins and their sister, all from the same family of nine children, and they were first heard on radio before they signed with Capitol Records in 1943, a response to the Andrews Sisters’ success for Decca. Their first album remained in the upper reaches of the hit parade for 18 weeks, and then the Dinning Sisters gradually returned to their rural origins and country music.
The Fontane Sisters were from a family named Rosse but took their name from their Canadian grandmother (originally spelled Fontaine), and they appeared on Perry Como’s TV show in 1948. They signed a contract with RCA Victor, abandoning the letter ‘i’ in the surname, and as the Fontane Sisters they recorded a series of titles that were often popular songs. Six years later they signed with Dot Records (1954) and targeted a young audience of rock ’n’ roll fans: several songs were hits and the Fontanes enjoyed a career that lasted until 1961.
A group of sisters born in Cuba were proteges of Carmen Miranda, and they were also teenagers when they started singing as the De Castro Sisters, like a Cuban version of the Andrews girls. They’d emigrated to Florida in 1954 and signed with a little label named Abbott Records. Their success, however, had nothing to do with the small size of the label: the B-side of their first record was an enormous hit with Teach Me Tonight selling more than a million copies. Their immense success gave them the keys to Las Vegas, and the De Castro Sisters appeared on many television shows.
Rare were the girl groups who did not come from the same family, but this was the case with the singers the Chordettes who formed their vocal group in 1946; at first they sang country songs, often singing a cappella, and they had an enormous hit in 1954 with Mr Sandman (N°1 in the USA), a song which was covered by dozens of artists. They had further success thanks to their superb harmonies, and they went their separate ways in 1965.
The celebrity of girl vocal groups was not limited to America, however, and many of their songs were aired abroad and sometimes adapted in foreign languages. In France, after being extremely busy in the film studios of Hollywood, the Peters Sisters enjoyed a singing career from 1949 to 1963 that saw them triumph in France : in the Folies Bergères revue, in films and on the stage, and also on records released by Columbia and Vogue. In England the female trio format was made hugely popular by the Beverley Sisters, a group of twins plus their elder sister, whose career lasted throughout the Fifties and Sixties. Their model was the Andrews Sisters, and they were regular visitors to the British hit parades; they even had a name in America...
America kept its ascendancy however. In 1944 the Clark Sisters replaced the Pied Pipers in Tommy Dorsey’s orchestra, and they became known as the Sentimentalists before they went back to their family’s name in 1953 when they left Dorsey (Tommy refused to let them keep a name that was associated with his band.) The Clarks made a specialty of tributes to vocal groups that had gone before them, but they should not be confused with the more recent gospel group of the same name.
The Paulette Sisters were proteges of Connie Boswell and they recorded with her on several occasions. Between 1940 and 1960 they had a string of hits for Decca, Columbia and Capitol. As for the Coral signings in 1952 with the McGuire Sisters, who were close to the Andrews group, they were the first to add dancing to their vocal performances rather than remain content to stand behind a microphone. They were very prominent on American television’s great shows (hosted by the likes of Ed Sullivan, Dean Martin, Danny Kaye and Perry Como) and enjoyed a brilliant career with many hits up until their separation in 1968.
Like a number of their peers, the Lennon Sisters (the four eldest girls in a family of twelve) began at an early age (1955) on the TV show hosted by bandleader Lawrence Welk. They were inspired by the Andrews Sisters and the Mills Brothers, and they arrived on the scene when Elvis Presley and rock ’n’ roll were emerging. They didn’t shy away from recording either, making numerous albums for Brunswick, Coral and Dot with many television appelantes. They were extremely popular and their career lasted to the end of the Nineties.
Jean-Paul Ricard
© Frémeaux & Associés 2023
he mid-Fifties would see a number of rapid upheavals that were radical in the worlds of jazz and popular music; ten years after World War II, independent record labels jumped to take advantage of them. Pop music, which attracted middle class listeners, had to deal with the noisy intrusion of rock ‘n’ roll, which specifically addressed a new audience of adolescents who bought new record-players – small and easy to carry around – that were suited to 45rpm singles, the new sound-carrier that would change habits and which independent labels would now be producing massively to replace the old 78s.
The phenomenon didn’t escape Afro-American artists. After having been closeted inside a rhythm and blues market aimed squarely at their community, black artists started coming out of their ghetto and with them they brought rhythms that fed on blues, gospel and hot jazz... Among them were countless quartets of male vocalists who were all the rage, and following in the tradition came some very young singers who got together on street corners and sang songs that were perfectly adapted to their own public (it would happen again a few decades later with rap) who were crazy about music that was soon going to be called doo-wop. Groups made up of (very) young girls – they formed a small minority – would try to slip into this fad. The title Lonely Nights, recorded by the Hearts in 1955, is considered the birth-certificate that shows the Hearts were the first female doo-wop group. Lonely Nights went into the Top Ten in the U.S. R&B charts; after their hit with it, the Hearts piped down and got in line.
The best of the groups featuring all-girl vocalists, who’d starred in the two previous decades, continued their careers but took no part in the evolution of the genre, except for the remarkable Chordettes, who had great success. The Fontane Sisters and the McGuire Sisters, on the other hand, devoted themselves to cover versions of songs.
Then came the “colour reversal”: white girls-groups had been occupying practically the entire jazz and pop spheres in music, and then tidal wave of black girls swept in and washed everyone away, except for the Bonnie Sisters, Poni-Tails, Paris Sisters, Claremonts and Tonettes… Black-girl vocal-groups introduced a style that was derived largely from the way gospel songs were being sung: the soloist in front, and the response coming from the other singers in chorus behind. The genre’s pioneers, the Enchanters/Deltones and the Queens of Shirley Gunter, blazed the trail but a one group was more solid than others, professionally speaking: the Cookies, who were the backing singers behind renowned soloists including Ray Charles, were the girls who stood out. The “Genius” of the future appropriated the Cookies’ chorus and re-christened them The Raelettes. And What Kind of Man Are You is the only tune on which Brother Ray doesn’t sing with them. After a five-year hiatus the rejuvenated Cookies were again a success. Meanwhile, at the other end of America, the well-named Three Tones of Joy were the evening’s highlights on the Johnny Otis Show.As for the Quin-Tones, this group clearly belonged in the fashionable doo-wop trend, but the Chantels would catch them up and overtake them. The Chantels came from a Catholic choir in the Bronx, and thanks to their ballads they were the first female group on the rock ’n’ roll circuit to have a national hit, including in the pop market. It was a key-year (1957) and they were preceded and rivalled by a totally different group with much more rhythm, the Bobbettes. Those young ladies were all kids from Manhattan (aged 11 to 13!) and they shot to the heights of the R&B and Pop charts with the lively Mr. Lee. They would go on to make many excellent records but never enjoyed such a big hit again. Deeper roots belonged to the Miller Sisters (not to be confused with the country duo of the same name), and the hoarse tones of one of the five sisters would be heard even if the group didn’t cross the barriers that separated their communities. To them we can add the profound rural gospel singing of The Staple Singers. They were a mixed group at the beginning of their career (father, brother, and two sisters including Mavis, the soloist), and became exceptionally all-female when the family’s third sister Yvonne temporarily replaced Pervis, leaving “Pops” happy to step back and play guitar.2
The end of the Fifties was the era when Black artists began to cross racial borders that until then had printed the great R&B stars from entering the White circuit of records, radio and television... Groups featuring girls ticked all the boxes, because apart from their candour, pretty faces and freshness (most were aged under 17), they built up an “acceptable” repertoire for the pop market and an adolescent audience: rhythms, melodies, ballads with sugary lyrics, a smoother version of accents that were too “Black”, and all the ingredients necessary to please the greater number.
The Shirelles illustrated that to perfection. After a cautious debut in New Jersey in 1958, they exploded 1960 with one hit after another, and several went into the Top 20 in the Pop and R&B charts (Will You Stll Love me Tomorrow, Soldier Boy...). With perfect guidance from their (black) producer Luther Dixon – he procured the best songs for them – they remained at the summit and became the most popular girl group in America before the Supremes arrived, and then others for whom they had paved the way.
Another famous producer was Phil Spector, who took San Francisco’s Paris Sisters under his wing with their fine harmonies, then the Blossoms, the Crystals and the Ronettes. The excellent West Coast singers the Blossoms3 did themselves no favours when they recorded future hits that were released under the name of the Crystals (He’s a Rebel)! You can ask why such a powerful producer promoted the latter group to the detriment of the former... The Crystals, with numerous self-produced hits to their credit (There’s no Others, Uptown), would be the other most popular girl-group of the Sixties. Spector met the Darling Sisters in 1959, changed their name to the Ronettes two years later, and married their soloist Ronnie Bennett, one of the two sisters in this quite “integrated” trio – Irish, Afro-American and Amerindian in origin. A trio with enough character to persevere and achieve its best after 1962.
Among the many teenage groups that blossomed during the period were the Chiffons who, despite their tender years (they were aged 13 or 4 in 1960), stood out thanks to a quality and presence that contrasted sharply with the amateurism shown by many others. They had been raised in the Bronx, and their maturity and finesse was exemplified by their solo singer Judy Craig. After a double N°1 hit (R&B and Pop charts) with He’s so Fine, the girls couldn’t repeat their exploit but at least they had a lasting career: with The Chiffons, doo-wop disappeared to leave room for soul music.
The third of the era’s great producers was Berry Gordy Jr., who achieved a considerable dimension as the principal creator of the “Motown Sound” in Detroit. Gordy brought about a revolution while remaining totally in phase with the period’s musical tastes, running a business that was entirely Black and, in the process, establishing himself as a peerless manufacturer of talents. Among the many artists he launched, three female groups stood out: the Marvelettes, the Supremes, and Martha & the Vandellas. For their first disc, the Marvelettes, signed a double N°1 in December 1961 with Please Mr. Postman. They kick-started a Tamla-Motown wave that saw female groups leading the charge. As the heirs to the Chantels and the Shirelles, the Marvelettes, despite a couple of dozen nationwide hits up until 1968, would suffer from the competition they had from the Supremes actively promoted by Berry Gordy. After 1965, the Marvelettes shrank from a quintet to a trio.
Martha Reeves would travel the same path. She went for an audition at Motown... but they offered her an office job, an undeserved fate for a singer of temperament who bore the powerful stamp of the church’s music. In 1962 she formed the trio named after her, Martha & The Vandellas, and recorded her first 45rpm single, I’ll Have to Let Him, which didn’t make its mark. The trio had to battle fiercely to make a name, but the hits did come; and they were more R&B than pop, which showed the trio hadn’t lost touch with its community. But they weren’t smooth enough for Berry Gordy, whose ambition was to attenuate, as far as possible, the traits of black singers so that he could invade the lucrative pop market.
With the Supremes he found the ideal group. He shaped them into the perfect tool to enter the market he aimed for. Even so, unlike the Marvelettes, the Supremes took time to establish themselves. In 1960, four youngsters (aged 15) got together and made a record as the Primettes. They approached Gordy’s inner circle, and Berry decided to draw up a contract for them in 1961. The principal soloist at that time – her voice was strong and it had soul – was Florence Ballard (Buttered Popcorn). But when the quartet found itself a trio, Florence was quickly downgraded: the management had decided that Diana Ross would be the lead vocalist despite a narrower register and a voice that sounded pampered... Two records followed and made a modest appearance in the charts (Let Me Go the Right Way, ranked N°26 in the R&B lists). Despite the mediocre results, Gordy still believed the trio had potential, especially his favourite singer, who was groomed to be eminently presentable onstage. Finally, after no fewer than nine singles, the Supremes hit a double N°1 twice, one after the other, in 1964. And they would be followed by many others. The Supremes were famous all the way around the world, and are still the most famous girl-group in history.
Is there any room left for the others? Well, yes, because the genre was fashionable. Record companies launched girl singers with more or less experience into a market where the public resembled them. The Charmaines, an excellent trio from Cincinnati, became the backing singers for a number of male vocalists, and James Brown in particular. The Tonettes (II) pioneered the female Memphis Sound at Stax, the soul label that was Motown’s direct competitor. The Ikettes, organised by Ike Turner, brought out a few records under their own name, sometimes with reinforcements in the shape of Tina Turner (I’m Blue). The Orlons, Exciters4 and the Royalettes also had successful results. Even the Angels, modest talents lost in the middle of all those “colored” groups, managed to gain recognition.
And finally there appeared Patti LaBelle and the Blue Belles, coming out of Philadelphia, who achieved a worldwide reputation in the Seventies. A first record under their name (I Sold my Heart To the Junkman) went into both the R&B and Pop charts. Word has it that the song was sung by the Starlets (another magic trick...) We should reserve a place for all of them, and close our long story in sound right here. It still has beautiful years left to run.
Jean Buzelin
© Frémeaux & Associés 2023
Notes:
1 In general the groups numbered from three to five, sometimes six members.
2 Yvonne permanently replaced Pervis in 1970.
3 Gloria Jones, of the Blossoms, appears in Federico Fellini’s 1960 film“La Dolce Vita”.
4 The Quin-Tones, Orlons and Exciters had a male vocalist who sang the lower register parts, which doesn’t make them “mixed” groups.
For reference: Jay Warner, American Singing Groups (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006)
Internet websites: doo-wop.blogg.org • singers.com/groups • list of doo-wop musicians (Wikipedia)
Original records: collections of Jean and Patrice Buzelin, Jacques Périn, Jean-Paul Ricard
Photos, collections & iconography sources: Jean Buzelin, Joël Dufour, Jean-Paul Ricard, X (D.R.)
Special thanks to Joël Dufour and Christophe Hénault
DISCOGRAPHIE
GIRLS
Vocal Girl Groups 1931-1962
JAZZ POP DOO-WOP SOUL
CD1 - 1931-1958
1 IT’S THE GIRL
(Abel Baer - David Oppenheimer) Brunswick 6151
2 EVERYBODY LOVES MY BABY
(Spencer Williams - Jack Palmer) Brunswick 6271
3 MOOD INDIGO (Duke Ellington -
Barney Bigard - Irving Mills) Brunswick 6470
4 ALEXANDER’S RAGTIME BAND
(Irving Berlin) Brunswick 7412
5 SWEET GEORGIA BROWN
(Ben Bernie/Maceo Pinkard - Kenneth Casey) Victor 24025
6 MINNIE THE MOOCHER IS DEAD
(Musgrove/Taylor - Segure) Columbia 35700
7 IN THE MOOD (Joe Garland - Andy Razaf) Bluebird 10545
8 JERSEY BOUNCE (Tiny Bradshaw/
Bobby Plater/Eddie Johnson - Buddy Feyne) Bluebird 11522
9 IT’S BEEN A LONG LONG TIME
(Jule Styne - Sammy Cahn) Majestic 7157
10 BOUILLIBASE (Alexander - Simms) MGM 11462
11 BEI MIR BIST DU SCHOEN (Sholom Secunda/
Jacob Jacobs - Sammy Cahn/Saul Chaplin) Decca 1562
12 HOLD TIGHT, HOLD TIGHT (SEA FOOD)
(Leonard Ware/Jerry Brandon/
Lenny Kent - George Robinson/Will Spotswood) Decca 2214
13 TUXEDO JUNCTION (Erskine Hawkins/
Bill Johnson/Julian Dash - Buddy Feyne) Decca 3097
14 BOOGIE WOOGIE BUGLE BOY
(Don Raye - Hughie Prince) Decca 3598
15 RUM AND COCA-COLA
(Paul Baron/Jeri Sullivan - Morey Amsterdam) Decca 18635
16 AUNT HAGAR’S CHILDREN BLUES
(W.C. Handy) Capitol 20018
17 OH MO’NAH!
(Country Washburn - Ted Weems) Capitol 13192
18 CASTLE ROCK
(Al Sears - Erv Drake/Jimmy Shirl) RCA 20-4213
19 SEVENTEEN
(Boyd Bennett - Chuck Gorman/John Young) Dot 15386
20 CHANSON D’AMOUR (Wayne Shanklin) Dot 15736
21 TEACH ME TONIGHT
(Gene de Paul - Sammy Cahn) Abbott 3001
22 LET YOUR LOVE WALK IN
(Joe Greene - Eddie Beal) Abbott 3003
23 TIGER RAG (Eddie Edwards/Nick LaRocca/Larry Shields/Henry Ragas/Tony Sbarbaro - Harry DeCosta) Capitol LP 1402
24 SAINT-LOUIS BLUES (W.C. Handy) Vogue 7483
25 COMME TU ME PLAIS
(Paul Misraki - Morlaine) Vogue 7372
26 WHEN YOU WERE SWEET SIXTEEN
(James Thornton) Columbia LP 6111
(1) Boswell Sisters: Connie & Helvetia “Vet” Boswell (vo), Martha Boswell (vo, p); acc. Dorsey Brothers’ Orchestra. New York City, 07/1931.
(2) Same; acc. similar. NYC, 02/1932.
(3) Same; acc. similar. NYC, 01/1933.
(4) Same; acc. studio orchestra, prob. dir. Victor Young. NYC, 05/1934.
(5) Pickens Sisters: Helen, Jane & Patti Pickens (vo); unknown acc. NYC, 05/1932.
(6) Dandridge Sisters: Vivian & Dorothy Dandridge, Etta Jones (vo); acc. Jimmy Lunceford & His Orchestra. NYC, 06/1940.
(7) King Sisters: Alice, Donna, Luise, Marilyn, Maxine & Yvonne King (vo); orch. cond. by. Alvino Rey. Los Angeles, CA, 11/1939.
(8) Four King Sisters: same; with the Rhythm Reys. LA, 1942.
(9) DeMarco Sisters: Arlene DeMarco (lead vo), Ann, Gene, Gloria & Maria DeMarco (vo); acc. Bud Freeman & His Orchestra. 10/1945.
(10) Same; acc. Leroy Holmes & His Orchestra. 02/1953
(11) Andrews Sisters: LaVerne, Maxene & Patti Andrews (vo); acc. Vic Schoen & His Orchestra. NYC, 11/1937.
(12) Same; acc. Jimmy Dorsey & His Orchestra. NYC, 11/1938.
(13) Same; acc. studio orchestra. NYC, 03/1940.
(14) Same; acc. studio orchestra. LA, 01/1941.
(15) Same; acc. Vic Schoen & His Orchestra. NYC, 10/1944.
(16) Dinning Sisters: Ginger Dinning (lead vo), Jean & Lou Dinning (vo); with Jack Fascinato & His Orchestra. NYC, 05/1945.
(17) Same, but Jane Bundesen replaces Lou Dinning; with the Art Van Damme Quintet. LA, 12/1947.
(18) Fontane Sisters: Marge Rosse (lead vo), Bea & Geri Rosse (a.k.a Fontane) (vo); orch. cond. by Norman Leyden. NYC, 1951.
(19) Same; acc. Billy Vaughn Orchestra. Chicago, IL, 06/1955.
(20) Same; acc. Billy Vaughn Orchestra, Hollywood, CA, 03/1958.
(21) De Castro Sisters: Peggy, Cherie & Babette De Castro (vo); acc. Lloyd “Skip” Martin & His Orchestra. Hollywood, 09/1954.
(22) Same, but Olgita De Castro replaces Peggy; acc. Lloyd “Skip” Martin & His Orchestra. Hollywood, 03/1955.
(23) Peggy, Cherie & Olgita De Castro (vo); Billy May Orchestra. Hollywood, 1960.
(24-25) Peters Sisters: Anne, Virginia & Mattye Peters (vo); acc. Billy Moore & son orchestre. Paris, 1955.
(26) Chordettes: Dorothy “Dottie” Schwartz (lead vo), Jinny Lockard, Carol Buschman, Janet Ertel (vo). NYC, 05/1950.
CD2 - 1952-1961
1 MR. SANDMAN (Pat Ballard) Cadence 1247
2 LIKE A BABY (Jesse Stone) Cadence 1319
3 I CAN’T GET STARTED
(Vernon Duke - Ira Gershwin) Dot LP 25137
4 TELL ME YOU DON’T LOVE ME
(Jane Paulette) Columbia 40030
5 I’VE LOST (Chris Towns) Jubilee 5080
6 OOP SHOOP (Shirley Gunter - Taylor) Flair 1050
7 GOODNIGHT, SWEETHEART, GOODNIGHT
(Calvin Carter - James Hudson) Coral 61187
8 I DREAMED (Charles Green - Marvin Moore) Decca 10832
9 TO KNOW YOU IS TO LOVE YOU
(Henry Mancini - Bill Carey) Brunswick 55051
10 LONELY NIGHTS (Zell Sanders) Baton 208
11 CRY BABY (John Robinson) Rainbow 328
12 IN PARADISE (Taylor - Carroll) Atlantic 1084
13 WHAT KIND OF MAN ARE YOU
(Ray Charles) Atlantic 1172
14 THE LIGHT STILL SHINE IN MY WINDOW
(Johnny Otis) Capitol 14837
15 OH! WHAT A BABY (Josie Allen - Lou Ezzo) ABC 9905
16 DOWN THE AILES OF LOVE
(Phyllis Carr - Caroline Holmes - Kenneth Sexton) Hunt321
17 BORN TOO LATE (Charles Strouse - Fred Tobias) ABC 9934
18 MR. LEE (Emma Pought/Helen Gathers) Atlantic 1148
19 HAVE MERCY BABY (Billy Ward - Rose Marks) Triple X 106
20 ARE YOU SATISFIED (WITH YOUR LOVE)
(Emma Pought) King 5551
21 MAYBE (Richard Barrett) End 1005
22 IF YOU TRY (Richard Barrett - Nellson) End 1030
23 SUMMERTIME
(George & Ira Gershwin - DuBose Heyward) Carlton 569
24 DANCE CLOSE (Ollie Jones) Riverside 4535
25 I LOVE HOW YOU LOVE ME
(Barry Mann - Larry Kolber) Gregmark 6
26 CHAINS (Carole King - Gerry Goffin) Dimension 1002
27 DOWNWARD ROAD
(Trad. - arr. Roebuck Staples) Vee Jay 881
28 DON’T DRIVE ME AWAY
(Trad. - arr. Roebuck Staples) Vee Jay 885
(1) Chordettes: Lynn Evans (lead vo), Margie Needham, Carol Buschman, Janet Ertel (vo); orch. cond. by Archie Bleyer. NYC, 10/1954.
(2) Same. NYC, 04/1957.
(3) Clark Sisters (ex-Sentimentalists): Ann, Jean, Peggy & Mary Clark (vo); group cond. by Charles “Bud” Dant. Hollywood, 1958.
(4) Paulette Sisters: Betty, Gloria & Jane Paulette (vo); acc. Larry Clinton & His Orchestra. NYC, 06/1953.
(5) Enchanters: Della Simpson (lead vo), Pearl Brice, Rachel Gist, France Kelley (vo); acc. Buddy Lucas & His Band. NYC, 04/1952.
(6) Shirley Gunter & The Queens: Shirley Gunter (lead vo), Lula B. Kenney, Lula Mae Suggs, Blondene Taylor (vo); acc. Maxwell Davis Orchestra. LA, 08/1954.
(7) McGuire Sisters: Phyllis “Jean” McGuire (lead vo), Dottie & Chris McGuire (vo); chorus & orch. dir. by Neal Hefti. LA, 08/1954.
(8) Beverley Sisters: Joy, Teddie & Babs Chinery (vo); acc. Roland Shaw Orchestra. London, 1957.
(9) Lennon Sisters: Dianne “Dee Dee”, Peggy, Kathy & Janet Lennon (vo); acc. George Cates Orchestra. LA, 02/1958.
(10) Hearts: Louise Harris, Joyce West, Hazel Crutchfield, Forestine Barnes (vo); acc. Al Sears Orchestra. NYC, 1955.
(11) Bonnie Sisters: Jean Borgia, Sylvia Totter, Pat Ryan (vo); acc. Mickey Baker Orchestra. NYC, 11/1955.
(12) Cookies: Marjorie “Margie” Hendrix (lead vo), Dorothy Jones, Ethel “Darlene” McCrea, (vo); unknown acc. NYC, 11/1955.
(13) Raelettes: prob. Ethel “Darlene” McCrea, Margie Hendrix, Gwendolyn Berry, Pricilla “Pat” Lyles (vo) + Mary Ann Fisher (lead vo); arr. & acc. Ray Charles & His Orchestra. NYC, 05/1957.
(14) Three Tons of Joy: Marie Adams (lead vo), Doris & Francielle McKinny (vo); acc. Johnny Otis Show. LA, 08/1958.
(15) Tonettes (ex-Claremonts): Josie Allen (lead vo), Diana & Sylvia Sanchez (vo); arr. Sammy Lowe. NYC, 1958.
(16) Quin-Tones: Roberta Haymon (lead vo), Carolyn “Cissy” Holmes, Jeannie Cristi, Phyllis Carr, Kenny Sexton (vo), Ronnie Scott (p, vo); unknown acc. Philadelphia, PN, 06/1958.
(17) Poni-Tails: Toni Cistone (lead vo), LaVern Novak, Patti McCabe (vo); arr. & cond. O. B. Masingill. NYC, 1958.
(18) Bobbettes; Reather Dixon (lead vo), Emma Pought (2nd lead), Jannie Pought, Helen Gathers, Laura Webb (vo); acc. Reggie Obrecht Orchestra. NYC, 06/1957.
(19) Same singers; unknown acc. NYC, 1960.
(20) Same singers; unknown acc. NYC or Cincinnati, 1961.
(21) Chantels: Arlene Smith (lead vo), Jackie Landry, Sonia Goring, Lois Harris, Rene Minus (vo); prod. & acc. Richard Barrett (p) & trio. NYC, 10/1957.
(22) Same; acc. poss. Buddy Lucas Orchestra, NYC, 06/1958.
(23) Same, but Annette Smith (lead vo) replaces Arlene Smith; Lois Harris out. NYC, Summer 1961.
(24) Miller Sisters : Maxine, Vernel, Hedy, Jeanette & Sandy Miller (vo); prod. Bill Miller. NYC, 1962.
(25) Paris Sisters: Priscilla Paris (lead vo), Sherrell & Albeth Paris (vo); arr. & prod. Phil Spector. NYC, 1961.
(26) Cookies: Earl-Jean McCrea (lead vo), Dorothy Jones, Margaret Ross (vo); prod. Gerry Goffin. NYC, 1962.
(27) Staple Singers: Mavis Staples (lead vo), Cleotha & Yvonne Staples (vo); acc. Roebuck “Pops” Staples (g), Marshall Thompson (dm). Chicago, 08/1959.
(28) Same; but Thompson out. Chicago, 02/1960.
CD3 - 1960-1962
1 DEDICATED TO THE ONE I LOVE
(Lowman Pauling - Ralph Bass) Scepter 1203
2 WILL YOU STILL LOVE ME TOMORROW
(Carole King - Gerry Goffin) Scepter 1211
3 BIG JOHN (AIN’T YOU GONNA MARRY ME)
(John Patton - Amiel Summers) Scepter 1223
4 SOLDIER BOY
(Luther Dixon - Florence Green) Scepter 1228
5 SON-IN-LAW (Dave Burgess - Jerry Fuller) Challenge 9109
6 THE SEARCH IS OVER (Elroy Peace) Challenge 9138
7 THERE’S NO OTHER (LIKE MY BABY)
(Phil Spector - Leroy Bates) Philles 100
8 UPTOWN (Barry Mann - Cynthia Weil) Philles 102
9 I’M ON THE WAGON
(Joe Seneca - Jimmy Steward) Colpix 646
10 SILHOUETTES (Frank Slay - Bob Crewe) May 114
11 CRY BABY CRY (Maurice Bailey Jr) Caprice 112
12 HE’ SO FINE (Ronnie Mack) Laurie 3152
13 DON’T HANG UP (Kal Mann - Dave Appell) Cameo 231
14 PLEASE MR. POSTMAN (Georgie Dobbins/William Garrett/Brian Holland/Freddie Gorman/
Robert Bateman) Tamla 54046
15 PLAYBOY (Gladys Horton/Brian Holland/William Stevenson/Robert Bateman) Tamla 54060
16 FOREVER
(Brian Holland/Freddie Gorman/Lamont Dozier) Tamla 64077
17 BUTTERED POPCORN
(Berry Gordy Jr - Barney Ales) Tamla 54045
18 LET ME GO THE RIGHT WAY
(Berry Gordy Jr) Motown 1034
19 PLAY A SAD SONG (Berry Gordy Jr) Motown LP 606
20 YOU BRING BACK MEMORIES
(William “Smokey” Robinson) Motown 1040
21 I’LL HAVE TO LATE HIM GO
(William “Mickey” Stevenson) Gordy 7011
22 ALL YOU GOTTA DO
(Bebe Starr - Bernie Kahn) Fraternity 880
23 NO TEARS (Williams) Volt 101
24 I’M BLUE (THE GONG-GONG SONG)
(Ike Turner) Atco 6212
25 TELL HIM (Bert Russell) United Artists 544
26 NO BIG THING
(Alex Ferrara - Nora Lorett) Chancellor 1133
27 BETTER TELL HIM NO (Bernice Williams) PAM 1003
28 GO ON (THIS IS GOODBY)
(Robert Martin - Neil Levinson) Newton 5007
(1) Shirelles: Shirley Owens (lead vo), Addie “Micki” Harris, Doris Coley, Beverly Lee (vo); prod. Luther Dixon. NYC, 06/1959+01/1961
(2) Same; strings arr. Carole King; Florence Greenberg (p); prod. Luther Dixon. NYC, 10/1960.
(3) Same; acc. King Curtis and orchestra; arr. & prod. Luther Dixon. NYC, 08/1961.
(4) Same; acc. King Curtis and orchestra, Micky Baker (g solo); arr. Bert Keyes, prod. Luther Dixon. NYC, 03/1962.
(5) Blossoms (ex-Dreamers): Darlene Wright (Love) (lead vo), Fanita James, Gloria Jones (vo); unknown acc. LA, 1961.
(6) Same. LA, 1962.
(7) Crystals: Barbara Alston (lead vo), Dolores “Dee Dee” Kennibrew, Mary Thomas, Patsy Wright, Merna Girard (vo); supervision Phil Spector. NYC, 10/1961.
(8) Same, but Dolores “Lala” Brooks added; arr. & prod. Phil Spector; NYC, 03/1962.
(9) Ronettes: Ronnie Bennett-Spector (lead vo), Estelle Bennett, Nedra Talley (vo); arr. Bert Keyes, prod. Stu Phillips. Early 1962.
(10) Same. 04/1962.
(11) Angels (ex-Starlets): Linda Jansen (lead vo), Barbara “Bibbs” & Phyllis “Jiggs” Allbut, Bernadette Carroll or Peggy Santiglia (vo); acc. Hutch Davie Orchestra. NYC, 1962.
(12) Chiffons: Judy Craig (lead vo), Barbara Lee, Patricia Bennett, Sylvia Peterson (vo); prod. Gerry Goffin & Bright-Tunes Prod. NYC, 12/1962.
(13) Orlons: Rosetta Hightower (lead vo), Marlena Davis, Shirley Brickley, Stephen Caldwell (vo); prod. Dave Appell & Kal Mann. Philadelphia, 1962.
(14) Marvelettes: Gladys Horton (lead vo), Georgie Dobbins?, Gerorgeanna Tillman, Katherine Anderson, Juanita Cowart (vo); acc. Motown house band, prod. Brian Holland & Robert Bateman. Detroit, MI, 07/1961.
(15-16) Gladys Horton (lead vo), Wanda Young, Georgeanna Tillman, Katherine Anderson, Juanita Cowart (vo); acc. Motown house band, prod. Brian Holland, William Stevenson. Detroit, 04 & late 1962.
(17) Supremes: Florence Ballard (lead vo), Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, Barbara Martin (vo); acc. Motown house band, prod. Berry Gordy Jr. Detroit, 06/1961.
(18-19-20) Diana Ross (lead vo), Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson (vo); acc. Motown house band, prod. Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, Berry Gordy, William Robinson. Detroit, 11 & 12/1962.
(21) Martha & The Vandellas: Martha Reeves (lead vo), Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, poss. Gloria Williams (vo); acc. The Funk Brothers; prod. Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier. Detroit, 09/1962.
(22) Charmaines: Marlene “Gigi” Jackson, Dee Watkins, Irene Vinegar (vo); arr. & dir. Bobby Baro. Cincinnati, 1961.
(23) Tonettes (II, ex-Dixie Belles): Mary Hunt (lead vo), Mildred Pratcher, Shirley Thomas (vo); acc. Stax house band, prod. Steve Cropper. Memphis, TN, 03/1962.
(24) Ikettes: Dolores Johnson (a.k.a Flora Williams), Eloise Hester, Joshie “Jo” Armstead. (vo) + Tina Turner (lead vo); acc. Ike Turner & His Orchestra. 09/1962.
(25) Exciters: Brenda Reid (lead vo), Carol Johnson, Lillian Walker, Herb Rooney (vo); orch. cond. by Teacho Wittshire. NYC, 1962.
(26) Royalettes: Sheila Ross (lead vo), Anita Ross, Ronnie Brown, Terry Flippen (vo); arr. & cond. Russ Faith. Philadelphia, late 1962.
(27) Starlets (II): Maxine Edwards (lead vo), Jane Hall, Micky McKinney, Jeanette Miles, Liz Walker (Dynetta Boone) (vo). Chicago, 1962.
(28) Blue Belles: Patricia Holt “Patti LaBelle” (lead vo), Cindy Birdsong, Nona Hendryx, Sarah Dash (vo); arr. & cond. Bobby Martin. Philadelphia, 1962.